Freshwater Biome Essay

The Freshwater Biome By Lauren Finnis The freshwater biome is a complex biome that can be found all over the world. There are two major types of freshwater biomes. The first type is lotic or running which include rivers and streams. Lentic or standing is the second type; those include lakes and ponds. Since this biome is found worldwide, the species that reside in it can vary extensively, but usually it contains several species of fish, plants, and insects. Predation is a way of life in the freshwater biome. It is the main way food and energy are obtained by most of the organisms. The plankton, algae, and weeds that produce their own food through photosynthesis are eaten by the smaller fish like the minnows. Then larger fish like bass, trout, and pike eat these smaller fish. Finally birds, large mammals, and humans catch the large fish. In the freshwater biome, there are several examples of symbiosis. The relationship between the freshwater sponge and spongillafly is an example of paratism. The spongillafly lays its eggs on the sponge, and then they hatch and feed off the sponge. Another parasite is the flatworm. It resides in organisms such as the snail and can infect them with deadly diseases. There are also examples of commensalism in this biome. First is the relationship between small fish and the pond weeds; the fish hide between these weeds from larger fish. Another relationship of this type is the one between oysters and the mangrove trees. The oyster anchor and protect themselves with the roots of the tree. Finally there are also examples of mutaulistic relationships. For example some small fish enter clean the mouths of larger fish, and in exchange, they may eat whatever they clean out. There are several limiting factors in the freshwater biome. One of the most important is the availability of sunlight. In areas with little sunlight, photosynthesis can not occur; therefore, most plants can not live. Since  plants are the base of the food chain the whole ecosystem falls apart. Salinity is also a limiting factor. In freshwater areas, there must be a salinity of .05% or less for most organisms to survive. Humans are actually limiting factors also. We destroy and pollute habitats and eat the animals and plants in the biome. Population density in the freshwater biome varies greatly. In rivers or streams, density is usually lower in the faster moving biomes because organisms must fight the current. In lakes and ponds, the topmost areas usually are more dense because there is an ample supply of light for photosynthesis. The highest densities will probably be found in the more temperate areas that organisms can adapt to more easily. The carrying capacity of the freshwater biome depends on the size, location, and availability off light. Biotic potentials in the biome are most likely extremely large. This is because the main organisms are fish, which lay eggs in numerous amounts. Of course the carry and the biotic potential are rarely met because there are natural enemies and predator. There are also billions of one of the most deadly predator to the biome, humans.

Aspects of contract and business law Essay

Identify the legal criteria for offer and acceptance in a valid contract A contract is defined as a legally binding agreement and are very important in business. This is because: * it is risky to enter into a business arrangement without some form of contract * this is because, in the event of something not going as planned, a business contract is your safety net * without a business contract that stipulates the procedures, policies and expectations of the concerned parties, it is also likely that a dispute will arise in the course of the transactions * a broken contract can result in a law suit or an out of court settlement and the payment of damages caused by the breech of contract There are many different types of contracts. The main elements needed for a standard contract are: – Offer – Acceptance – Capacity – Consideration Offer And Acceptance Offer An offer is a definite promise made by an offeror to an offeree about the agreement made. They make this promise with the intention that it shall become binding or legally enforceable as soon as it accepted by the person receiving the offer (the offeree). Acceptance A valid offer must be accepted by the offeree to the contract. In normal circumstances, acceptance of the offer must be communicated to the person making the offer, (the offeror). Acceptance of an offer must be in the form specified in the offer. This can be both written or oral. An example of an offer and acceptance would be: A vending machine. The machine is offering you the items and you are choosing whether to accept the offer by putting your money into the machine to purchase the item. A person going into a shop to purchase an item, they would pick up the item and take it to the till to pay. When the customer, the offeror, hands the shop keeper the money they are making an offer, as soon as the shop keeper, the offeree, accepts the money they are showing acceptance. Sometimes the situation can just be as simple as this and no words have to be spoken. Invitation to treat There is a big difference between an offer and acceptance and an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is an indication that a person is prepared to receive offers from another person. In this sense, ‘treat’ means to ‘trade’ or ‘to do business’. The person who is available to receive an invitation to treat can accept or reject the offer until the final moment of acceptance. An example of invitation to treat would be: – Goods displayed, with a price ticket attached, in a shop window or supermarket; the customer can make an offer to buy the product, this can then be accepted or rejected by the seller up to the point of sale. – Products advertised in catalog, brochures, Internet etc, even if the word offer is used by sellers to promote their goods. An offer must be distinguished from an invitation to treat. Carlill vs carbolic smoke ball company (1892) The carbolic smoke company placed an advertisement in newspaper to tell people of their new flu remedy. The advertisement stated that it would pay  £100 to anyone who took the remedy for 14 days but still got the flu. Mrs carlill used the remedy but unfortunately still got the flu, and made a claim against the company for the money. But the smoke ball company refused to pay the money. The company tried to claim that the advertisement was an attempt to make an offer to the whole world which meant communication of it was impossible. Normally an advertisement in the newspaper or on television etc, would be an invitation to treat, but in this case as the company had actually gone out of their way to put money into the bank they lost the argument, and it made it an offer and acceptance. The company had made an offer to the whole world and mrs carlill choose to accept their offer meaning they had to pay her as a contract had been made. Counter offers Counters offers are offers that are made and then gone back on and adjusted. As soon as a counter offer is made it voids the original contract. For example, if I want to buy a car and the offeror offers it to me for  £5000 and I choose not to accept as it is too high, but then to counter offer by offering them a lower price for it and then the original offeror chooses not to accept my offer, and I then say okay I will pay  £5000 and then they say no sorry, you can have it for  £5500. This is a counter offer, as I rejected the original offer and then by counter offering I made the original offer void, and then they can make a new offer. Task two (p2) Explain the law in relation to the formation of a contract in a given situation A contract comes in to existence when the offer that has been made by the offeror is accepted by the offeree. Contracts can be written or verbal/oral. A verbal contract is when two parties agree through the spoken word and therefore bound by a verbal agreement. This is often done between friends or business people that know each other well enough to agree to be bound legally on a spoken word or a hand shake. An example of this could be, ‘I will wash your car for ten pounds’, ‘okay thank you very much’. Written contracts are much more common in the work place. It is much easier and simpler for people to be bound by the terms of a written contract, where the details of the contract are included in a document signed by each party, (the offeree and the offeror). These can range from relatively simple agreements to much more formal contracts signed by the parties. Some examples of these could be, the sale of land, regulated credit and hi agreements and employment. Sometimes, a written contract can be much more beneficial and could be a lot safer to use, some examples why are: * A well written, clear, concise contract can avoid customer disputes and complaints. The contract should make clear both parties rights and regulations and obligations. * The subject matter can be easier to understand in a written contract. * Written contracts can specify delivery times, deadlines etc. * It is easier to put down the payments terms in a written document. * A written contract can provide alternative methods for the settlement of certain disputes. Also there is standard form contracts. Consideration Under contract law, the agreement between the parties will not in itself create a legally binding contract. There must be some degree of consideration between the parties for a valid contract to take place. Consideration is what one party to a contract will get from the other party in return for performing contract obligations. A contract is based on the exchange of promises. Each party to a contract must be both a promisor and a promisee. They must each receive a benefit and each suffer a detriment. This benefit or detriment is referred to as consideration. Consideration must be something of value in the eyes of the law. – This excludes promises of love and affection, gaming and betting etc. A one sided promise which is not supported by consideration is a gift. The law does not enforce gifts unless they are made by deed. An example of this would be, An event organiser promises to pay a band  £1000 if they sing at an event. The consideration for the event organisers promise would be to pay band if they promise to play at an event. The consideration for the bands promise to play at the event is the event organiser to pay the band  £1000. Consideration can take two forms: * executed consideration – an act in exchange for a promise, such as a reward case where the person making the offer promises to pay the reward upon the act of the act being completed. * executory consideration – the parties exchange promises to perform acts in the future, most contracts begin this way. For example, a seller promises to deliver to a buyer as a result of the buyers promise to buy at the agreed price. Consideration from the buyer is the promise to pay the price on completion. There are 5 rules of consideration, which are, 1) consideration must not be past 2) consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate – there is no requirement that the consideration must be market value, providing some of value is given eg  £1 given in exchange for a house would be valid, the courts are not concerned with whether the parties have made a good or bad bargain 3) consideration must move from the promise – if a person other than the promisee is to provide the consideration, the promisee can not enforce the agreement Tweed one v Atkinson (1861) A couple were getting married and the father of the bride entered into an agreement with the father of the groom saying that they would each pay the couple a sum of money. Unfortunately both the father of the bride and the father of the groom died without paying any money. The groom then made a claim against the executor of the will. The claim failed as the groom was not party to the agreement and the consideration did not move from him. Therefore he was not entailed to enforce the contract. 4) an existing publics duty will not amount to a valid consideration – where a party has a public duty to act, this can not be used as consideration for a new promise 5) an existing contractual duty will not amount to valid consideration – if a party has an existing contractual duty to do an act, this act can not be used as consideration for a new promise Capacity Capacity is the legal power to enter into a contract. Who does not have the legal capacity? * minors – do have limited capacity * bankrupts * incapacitated persons – do have limited capacity For example, minors. Legal rules have been developed to protect minors from contractual liability and to allow them to also enter into agreements in limited circumstances. There are two types of contract that bind minor when dealing with adults, – supply of necessary goods – employment Also incapacitated persons are unable to enter into a contract. People suffering from a medically diagnosed mental health condition cannot enter into a valid contact as it is believed they do not have sufficient mental capacity to understand what it is they are doing. Also if the person is intoxicated and able to prove they were at the time the contract came into place they are seen as an incapacitated person and are unable to legally enter into a contract. Privity of a contract The doctrine of private means that a contract cannot confer rights or impose obligations arising under it on any person except the parties to it. Under common law only a promisee may enforce the promise meaning that if the third party is not a promisee they are not a privy to that certain contract. It is a legal concept denying third parties the right to sue on a contract. Price v Easton (1833) This case involved a three way argument. Basically Easton agreed with X that he would pay Price for the work that X had done. They completed the work and Easton refused to pay Price the money, Price tried to sue Easton but he failed. This was due to private of a contract. The contract was made between Easton and X therefore Price was not a privy to the contract. Task Three (p3) Describe the law with respect to misrepresentation in a given situation. Misrepresentation is a false statement of fact made by one party to other party before the contract is made with a view to inducing the other to enter it. For example, ‘one carful owner’ this statement is very misleading as you would expect that only one person has owner the product before and has been very careful with it, but this statement really could mean, it may have only had one careful owner but had ten bad owners. This statement is not lying it is just stating a fact and leaving out important detail therefore this is an example of misrepresentation. Once it has been established that a false statement has been made and that it induced the contract, it is necessary to determine the type of misrepresentation in order to determine the available remedy. There are different types of misrepresentation. For example, Fraudulent – A person will be liable for fraud if they make a statement which they know to be false or they have no belief in its truth or they are reckless or careless whether it is true or false. For example, Lapland new forest produced a website showing fantastic winter scenes. Unfortunately, the photos on the website were not taken at the park and customers were hugely disappointed when they arrived at the resort to find it is not at all like the website, many demanded their money back. In 2009 the owners of the park appeared in court and were charged with fraudulent misrepresentation. Innocent – a false statement made by a person who had reasonable grounds to believe that it was true, not only when the contract was made but also when the contact was entered into. Negligent – A person can be liable when they make a false statement and have no reasonable ground for believing the statement to be true. In the situation given I believe that it is negligent misrepresentation as Esso had no reason to believe that the statement given by their experienced representative was true at the time or the time the contract was entered into. I think the representative gave a false statement to get Martin to enter into the contract. I think Esso were inducing Martin into entering the contact, although, Martin would have expected the statement to be correct as it was an experienced representative for Esso who gave the statement he would have thought that they would be a reliable source so he probably did not do any checks on the land and just thought their word for it. Task Four (m1) Analyse the impact of the requirements for a valid contract in a given situation. 1) Mr Baron You have not entered into a valid contract as Mrs Anderson did not accept your offer. She informed you that she intends to sell her car at a certain price and you said you would like to buy it. There is o evidence that offer and acceptance has taken place here therefore no contact was made. 2) Mr Cunningham Although the seller offered you the product at  £900 as soon as you offered him  £800 the contract was broken. This is because of counter offer taking place. Even though you were prepared to pay the full price in the end, you had broken the contract by counter offering him therefore it is his choice whether to sell the product or not and whether to enter into another contract with you. 10) Mrs Lawrence (I wasn’t sure if the garage checks/services the car before they sell it on so I did two explanations) This is a case of fraudulent misrepresentation. Before the car was sold to you, the car sales showroom should have checked the car to make sure everything they were stating about the car was correct. Therefore they should have known that the mileage was significantly higher when you purchased it. This is a case of innocent misrepresentation. At the time when the car sales showroom sold the car to you they did not know that the mileage was significantly higher therefore it can not be seen as their fault as they were lead to believe that the statement they were giving was true.

Jay Greenberg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jay Greenberg - Essay Example The musical prodigy was discovered in 2004 during a CBS 60 minute news segment and from there he grew into a professional and sought after composer. His first CD was released in 2006 by Sony Classical which featured the Symphony #5 and Quintet for Strings performed by the London Symphony Orchestra as well as the Juilliard String Quartet with Darrett Adkins respectively (â€Å"Jay Greenberg†). Some of Jay’s most famous works have been the Violin Concerto produced in 2007, the Four Scenes in 2008 with a double string quartet, and Concerto for Piano Trio and Orchestra. His beautiful works have been publicly performed both nationally and internationally by such renowned orchestras as the Pittsburgh Symphony, the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra and the Orchestra of St. Luke's (â€Å"Jay Greenberg†). In 2009 Jay’s work was even commissioned and premiered at Carnegie Hall for the youth orchestras, Skyline Dances (â€Å"Jay Greenberg†) . Jay produces most of his brilliant work on a computer using notation programs and feels that he hears the music taking shape inside his head. There is no doubt that this young and gifted composer will go a long way. Works Cited â€Å"Jay Greenberg.† schirmer.com. G. Schirmer Inc., Mach, 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2011

Behavior in special education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behavior in special education - Essay Example This model gives emphasis on rewards and punishments. An educator can set their own parameters or can induce certain situations to attain specific educational objectives. Ignoring the problematic behavior is a leading cause of unpleasant behavior. The behavioral theoretical approach aims to increase desirable behavior by increasing the interest of the child in particular area of learning. When the child behaves properly, he should be rewarded. Negative behavior is discouraged by providing negative consequences. By this methodology, proper behavior is expected in such situations to avoid negative outcome. Here capability of the teacher to influence students plays an important role while dealing with various issues related to learning behavior. Student’s improvement in learning abilities is related to the teacher’s efforts, skills and knowledge to handle behavioral aspects (Alberto & Troutman, 1999). Great input from the teacher helps the child to achieve specific goal. A special child faces many challenges while studying because of their inability to handle and understand various aspects of learning. Such students can be tackled by implementing positive reinforcement procedures (PRP) like motivation. Positive learning environment nurture the students and make them competent by increasing their ability to learn. PRP emphasize on natural desirable behavior. The teacher intentionally motivates the pupils to learn using many techniques. Genuine teacher wants their students to excel. An educator cultivates interest of the student to learn by motivating them. The teacher create supportive and comfortable environment. "What kids deserve is an engaging curriculum and a caring atmosphere so they can act on their natural desire to find out about stuff" (Brandt, 1995). Active participation in the classroom activities develops understanding of the subject. Understanding motivates them to express themselves properly and also encourages them to work hard (Nelse n,

CALCULUS 3 (LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CALCULUS 3 (LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS) - Essay Example It is possible to find the minima or maxima of a given function f of several variables given that the variables have restrictions. Langrage multipliers help us minimize or maximize functions with constraints that are points on a definite surface (Stewart, 67). Finding critical points of a function f (w, x, y) on a level surface or subject to the constraint g (w, x, y) = M. Solving this problem requires a solving the following series of simultaneous equations. ÃŽ » is a dummy variable known as a langrage multiplier. The most important variable in the equation are w, x, and y. After solving for the critical values, you insert them into the function to find the maxima and the minima. The critical points where the function is greatest are maxima while where it is smallest are minima (Stewart, 72). Solving the system equations can be a difficult task. In order to solve for the critical points in an easier way, one should consider the following tricks; Solve for ÃŽ » in terms of the variables w, x, and y to eliminate it from the equations. Solve any of the variables in terms of the other variables. Consider both the positive and negative square roots whenever using a square root (Courant,

Company Background - Microsoft Corporation Essay

Company Background - Microsoft Corporation - Essay Example The essay "Company Background - Microsoft Corporation" discusses company background of Microsoft Corporation. In the 21st century the company has diversified into other business sectors such as the video game industry. The firm in 2001 released the X-Box and subsequently in 2005 created the X-Box 360 which has sold millions of units worldwide. Microsoft has grown a lot during the last 28 years. The firm has a global workforce of 94,000 employees and a market capitalization value of $266.2 billion. The firm’s common stocks are sold in the NASDAQ under the symbol MSFT. As of April 25, 2013 the price of Microsoft common stocks was $31.94. During fiscal year 2012 Microsoft generated total revenues of $73.72 billion. The net income of Microsoft during 2012 was $16.98 billion. I selected Microsoft because I have been a customer of the firm for over a decade. My preferred game console is the X-box 360 and I have Windows 8 installed in both my computers at home. This analysis will hel p me determine whether Microsoft would be a good investment option for my personal investment portfolio. The common stocks of Microsoft are considered blue chip stocks. A blue chip stock can be defined as a stock issued by a well-known company with an established record of making money and paying dividends. A ratio analysis of Microsoft is illustrated below Ratio Analysis. Accountants and business analysts can utilize ratio analysis to evaluate the financial performance of an enterprise. Ratio analysis uses the input from the common size. financial statements of a company in order to insert that data into financial formulas. The five major categories of ratio analysis are profitability, market value, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency. One of the benefits of using ratio analysis is that any person with basic math knowledge can use the formulas to calculate the ratios of a company. The financial statements that must be used to calculate ratios can be retrieved from the annual report of public firms. One of the limitations of ratio analysis is that its results are not forward looking since they focus on the historical performance of a company. This report will focus on three financial ratios: net margin, asset utilization, and return on assets (ROA). The results of Microsoft are going to be compared against one of its main competitors and against the industry. The competitor chosen for comparison purposes was Oracle. The liquidity position of the company will also be analyzed by calculating the free cash flow ratio and through analysis of the cash flow statement of the company. The net margin measures the profitability of a company. The formula to calculate net margin is net income divided by the total sales. Microsoft had a net income in 2012 of $16.98 billion and total sales of $73.72 billion. The net margin of Microsoft in 2012 was 23.03%. Microsoft’s net margin in 2011 was 33.10% which implies that the company’s profitability decreased by 10.0 7%. When compared to Oracle the net margin of Microsoft was 3.85% lower than Oracle’s 26.89% result. The industry standard net margin in the software industry is 4.50% (Dun & Bradstreet, 2012). The software industry is classified under SIC code 7372 (Prepackaged software). Microsoft’s profitability was superior to the industry by 18.53%. The asset utilization is a ratio that measures how effective the company has been at using its assets to generate sales. During 2012 Microsoft had an asset utilization of 1.65. The asset utilization of the company has declined by 0.09 since the previous fiscal year. Oracle had an

Atokowa Organization Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Atokowa Organization Report - Case Study Example This followed the application of soft system model (SSM) to analyze current issues affecting Atokowa. The same was accomplished through CATWOE analysis. The study further discussed on appropriate recommendations for systems and operations managements whereby possible quality improvement strategies were provided. The TQM was identified as the best system which can improve overall quality performance of the organization. The investigation further covered on the relevant people and management issues which may come up during the implementation of new quality system in the organization. By doing so, possible ways of managing these issues were provided to support the implementation process. The study was summarized through provision of concrete conclusion which summarized the case analysis. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1. About Atokowa Advantage 4 2.0 Analysis of Systems and Operations Management of Atokowa Organization 6 2.1. Input Output Model 6 2.2. The use of business process mapping model on Atakowa’s case 8 2.2.1. Use of process mapping model to analyze Atokowa’s case 9 2.3. Decision Making Hierarchy 10 2.3.1. Three levels of decision making 10 2.4. System levels 11 2.4.1. The role of systems to support business processes 12 2.5. Applying Pareto Analysis 12 2.6. Application of soft system methodology 13 2.6.1. CATWOE analysis 13 2.6.2. Current issues in Atokowa 14 3.0. Systems and Operations Management Recommendations 15 3.1. How the organization can improve quality management 15 3.2. Improving the quality management skills of our employees 16 3.2.1 Other important recommendations 16 3.3. The people and management issues which may arise during the implementation of business improvements and quality managements in Atokowa organization 17 3.3.1. How these issues should be managed 17 4.0. Conclusion 18 5.0. References 19 1.0 Introduction According to research, operation management is defined as activities surrounding the management of resources in an organization. Resources in a manufacturing environment are devoted in ensuring efficient production and delivery of goods and services to the market. Information systems on the other hands refers to a layout of interrelated components which are responsible for retrieval, processing, storage and distribution of information which are vital for decision making and control of activities in an organization (Ram, 2005). This study will focus on Atokowa advantage by looking at systems and operation management practices are handled in the organization. The question which should be asked is what are the systems and operations management practices in the company? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these systems and operations practices? And what are the possible recommendations which should be implemented to improve on the systems and operations management practices? Based on this brief introduction, the report will analyze these system and practices by us e of appropriate models so that critical analysis can be provided to give insight on the way systems and operations activities are managed in Atokowa. By applying these models, the main business requirements will be examined thus understanding the way the company operates. The report will explain the possible quality management improvements strategy which may be implemented in the company. It will conclude by providing

College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

College - Essay Example One of the most valuable talents that I believe I can bring to the University of Wisconsin is my baseball game and capabilities. I have researched on the University of Wisconsin’s baseball team and found that the team is a regional champion. I believe I have what it takes to add onto an already stellar team. I first played baseball as a four year old for the neighborhood club. Since then, I have tried to be the best I can in baseball and been selected for the school teams throughout junior high school and, in my senior year at Elkhorn Area High School, I was chosen as team captain of the Varsity team. This was my second year on the Varsity team, and I believe that it is important for me to join a college that will offer me the chance to better my game. The varsity team is trying to qualify for the regional finals for the third year in a row, and this has tested my mettle greatly. However, it has taught me to take each game as a final and I believe this trait can be transmitted to other areas of my life, as well. As a dedicated baseball player, I find that there are times when I am alone, and in the solitude of the team’s afternoon jogs, my thoughts begin to wander to more significant events in my life. Late last year, my father was diagnosed with Stage 4 head and neck cancer and is now in remission. The man who for the longest time was my biggest baseball fan and motivator is living on what is more or less a definite timeline. However, in a quest to extend his life, he has exhibited great strength in the face of challenges that dwarf those I face with the Varsity team. Our goals in confronting our challenges are very different, but I always feel that every baseball win and medal I bring home gives him a sense of victory. Every time I recount how we almost lost a game but won at the death, he smiles proudly as if he was the one on the pitch with me. In a way, I think that my

International study case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International study case - Essay Example The success of Hero Honda has been prominent to such an extent that in the Indian market, when the general public is referring to the two wheeler industry, the first name that comes on top is the Hero Honda Motors Limited. The company has managed to secure the top spot in India when it comes to volumes in the two wheeler industry and the second spot in the world in the same category. Background As mentioned above, the Hero Honda company formed as a result of a joint venture of the Hero Group of India, owned by the Munjal family, and Honda Motors of Japan. The company started with each of the two co-owners possessing 26% of the company with the rest owned by the public and financial institutions. The arrangement to form the joint venture was initially on a 10 year period till 1994 and Honda Motors was supposed to provide the technology and technical expertise while Hero Cycles was responsible to bring in local talent for the company management including the marketing, human resources and finance managers. A period of uncertainty followed in this joint venture when Hero Honda began to lose its market share due to the fact that the Honda research and development department was too slow to introduce new products for the Indian market. Therefore, they initially missed out on the boom in the two wheeler industry from the year 1993 to 1996 but soon recovered as the clauses of contract of Hero Honda were renegotiated and the research and development was given priority. Since then, Hero Honda has been on a constant rise and quickly managed to beat its competitors to become the producer with the highest market share in the industry. Issues As India began to liberalize and foreign direct investment was allowed into the nation, the foreign investors could view the huge population as a major motivator to invest. Soon, the emergence of Hero Honda, Bajaj, TVS, and Yamaha made this industry a very dynamic one where every company was competing against themselves to be the marke t leader. In the case of Hero Honda however, it was much more complex than its competitors. The competitors including Bajaj and TVS were giving Hero Honda a tough time in the domestic as well as in the international market. Bajaj and TVS had also formed joint ventures of their own and therefore they were not far behind Hero Honda on technological grounds. Along with this, the Indian market prefers to buy a two wheeler at a low price given that it is usually the lower and the middle financial class, who cannot afford to buy cars, that buys the two wheelers. This encouraged the importers to introduce the China-made motorbikes in India which were priced at a much lower level than its Indian counterparts. This made it necessary for the Hero Honda marketing department to position the brand as such to make it the preferred option for the Indian buyer. Unfortunately for Hero Honda, the company had to face not only the external competition but also internal due to poor cooperation between t he partner firms. The Honda Motors’ Research and Development department was not located in India and they had little Indian customer insights. This meant that the R & D department was unable to respond to the changing Indian two wheeler market as fast as other competitors were. Along with this, when Honda decided to open its subsidiary firm on its own to produce scooters in India, it was also felt that they may also decide to part ways with Hero group and start

Strategic analysis paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic analysis - Research Paper Example In 1928, the General Mills acquired other companies due to its fast growth. The companies that were involved in the merger included the Wichita Mill and Elevator Company. Between the years 1929 and 2004, the General Mills was involved in several other mergers (Brucato 2012). The main aim of the mergers was to enable the company to produce high quality products that would be acceptable in the market. For example, in the year 1965, the General Mills bought Rainbow Crafts, which was the manufacturer of Play-DOH. This buying of the company benefited General Mills since it played a big role in reducing the costs of production in the company and also the revenue that the company got from it transactions increased drastically. Merging of companies has a great advantage to the companies involved in the merger (Doz and Hamel 1998). The company sells different food products in several brands in the world market. These include brands such as Betty Crocker, Yoplait, Colombo, Trix and Lucky Charm s to mention a few. Since the year 2004, the General Mills Company has produced products of high quality but their main market has been the wealthy that are conscious with their health. In 2012, the company was ranked among America’s largest corporations. The company was also ranked as the third-largest consumer products company in the United States of America. The purpose of studying the General Mills was to understand in great depth its current financial situation and also its current position among the words’ food producing companies so that a strategy and action can be taken to improve the quality of the products it produces. This would also help to trigger its rise in the ranking of food producing companies worldwide. During the study, the possible big competitors to the company were also examined. The study looks at the strengths of the company, its weaknesses, opportunities and threats that it might be facing since its foundation. The threats that the General Mi lls experiences in other words are also the problems that the company faces. The study therefore helped to come up with the solutions to the problems. General Mills, Inc just like several other food producing companies has strengths and weaknesses that must first look at and considered so that the company can be successful and be at par with other food producing companies in the United States and in the world (Brucato 2012). There are also opportunities that have come up in the company recently as a result of its success and production of quality products. Despite all these strengths and opportunities, there exist several threats that are a great problem in the development of the company (Dess, Gregory, Lumpkin and Taylor 2005). The threats have negative impacts such as causing losses in the company. Among the strengths of the company, one is that the company has ready availability of resources that is important in the production of its products. This helps it to be consistent in it s production thus having a constant and a wide market for its goods. The other strength of the company is that it has good and fast transportation system for its finished products. General Mills has wide market worldwide and within the US. Therefore it has several aircrafts that are efficient in the exportation of the perishable food products to other countries. The other strength of the company is the availability of a ready market for its products. The company is ranked as the third largest food

From slavery to freedom Essay Example for Free

From slavery to freedom Essay Ironically, Fredrick Douglas all but snatched the Emancipation Proclamation from Abraham Lincolns hands to make of its flat rhetoric a sharpened call for freedom and equality. Douglass had never regarded the ending of slavery as enough, either for himself or for his people; it had to be the beginning of an embrace of the black individuals fullness as a person, a beginning that would point straight toward an end, within quick reach. â€Å"For Douglass, each gain in the struggle, and the Emancipation Proclamation decidedly was one of the greatest, simply meant that America must move on to the next gain. † (Mcfeely, 1991) Douglasss commitment to abolitionism, black elevation, and womens rights outstripped his commitment to other social reforms. His major social reform passions black liberation and womens liberation underscored his egalitarian humanism. The logic and motivation for his social reform odyssey derived essentially from his quest for morality, order, and progress. Even though his interrelated social reform enthusiasms were integral to his vision of a moral, orderly, and progressive civilization, he nonetheless evinced a keen sense of the need for priorities among them. (Martin, 1984) In retelling his journey from slavery to freedom in the middle of the decade, less than a year after the Cleveland emigration convention, Douglass was responding implicitly to the arguments of Delany and other pro-immigration supporters that in the foreseeable future blacks would remain slaves, or de facto slaves, in the United States arguments that would appear to have gained added currency with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Central to Douglasss continued hopefulness about blacks prospects in the United States, despite such obviously negative developments, was a renewed commitment following his 1851 break with Garrison to the informing ideals of the nations original revolutionary documents. In many ways during this period, Frederick Douglass became the prototypical American success: a peerless self-made man and symbol of success; a fearless and tireless spokesman; a thoroughgoing humanist. The most striking and enduring aspect of Douglasss heroic legacy in his day its classic, even archetypical aura has persisted down to the present. Although often viewed and used differently by others, the heroic and legendary Douglass clearly personifies the American success ethic. The key to his eminently evocative essence is twofold. Douglass’s influence had a far reaching affect. In April 1855, Uriah Boston, a prominent figure in the black community of Poughkeepsie, New York, wrote a letter to Douglass in reference to his newspaper. Boston expressed concern over the increasingly separatist tone of prominent black abolitionists like William J. Wilson and James McCune Smith. Responding to pieces they had written in the black press, Boston criticized the two for â€Å"urging the colored people to preserve their identity with the African race. † He feared that any claim of distinct national identity on the part of black people might lend credence to â€Å"the propriety and necessity of African colonization†Ã¢â‚¬â€the dreaded scheme of the American Colonization Society. For Boston, blacks could never constitute a nation within the nation. â€Å"You cannot mix nationalities,† he wrote. â€Å"No man is a proper citizen of one certain country while he claims at the same time to be a citizen of any other country. †

Irony Essay Example for Free

Irony Essay Both â€Å"The Necklace† and â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† have plots that depend in large measure on the use of situational irony to create a surprise ending. â€Å"The Necklace† tells the story of Madame Mathilde Loise, a lowly clerk’s wife, who, in an effort to appear more debonaire than she is, borrows expensive jewels from Madame Jeanne Forestier, a wealthy friend. After the inevitable loss of the jewels, Madame Loisel and her husband secretly replace the jewels. Years later, Madame Loise, now impoverished, encounters Madame Forestier on the streets of Paris and admits to the secret. Madame Forestier, shocked by the change in Loise, explains that the necklace was merely costume jewelry. The situational irony that both the reader and Madame Loise experience simultaneously is the twist, the unexpected turn of events that is both a perfect example of irony and the very element that makes the plot so original and memorable. Similarly, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† employs irony to provide the unexpected ending. A young couple, barely able to feed and house themselves, sells their most valuable possessions to buy presents for each other. In an ironic catch typical of O’Henry, Della sells her hair to buy a watch fob for Jim, her husband. Jim, in turn has secretly sold his watch to buy the tortoise-shell combs Della dreamed of running through her long, dark hair. The story makes use of both dramatic irony and situational irony to create the literally-doubly ironic ending: both â€Å"sacrifice for each other the greatest treasures of their house. †

Effect of Blow Moulding on Bottle Weight and Dimensions

Effect of Blow Moulding on Bottle Weight and Dimensions Abstract Blow moulding, which is also called blow forming, is a manufacturing process for production of hollow-form plastic products. The present report is intended to deal with the effect on bottle weight, bottle dimensions and machine output of the various process factors. By reference to Rheological properties of plastics, the correlation between the share rate and screw speed, melt temperature, die swell, bottle thickness were discussed. Also, the influences of elongational viscosity were suggested. 1. Introduction Blow moulding, also known as blow forming, is a process used to produce hollow productions by â€Å"blowing† thermoplastic molten tube into the shape of a mould cavity. Generally, blow moulding can be divided into three main types including stretch blow moulding, injection blow moulding, and extrusion blow moulding. In this experiment, extrusion blow moulding was studied to examine the effects of process variables on bottle weight, bottle dimensions and machine output. In extrusion blow moulding, plastic particles are melted into fluid with heat applied. Then the melt plastic is extruded through a die, forming a hollow tube, which is usually called a parison. After that, the parison is captured by closing it around a mould. Next, air is pumped in to the parison when the ends of the parison keeps sealed at the mould parting line during forming. The parison deforms, forming a shape very closed to the mould. The mould is opened after the component is well cooled. Finally the component is ejected and the procedures are repeated. More and more products are made. In this experiment the plastic particles are High-density Polyethylene, the density of which ranges from 0.941 to 0.967 g/cm3. The High-density Polyethylene is preferred for production by blow moulding as it is more rigid and usually has a matt finish compared with Low-density Polyethylene. 2. Experimental Equipment Hayssen extrusion blow moulding machine Materials High density polyethylene (HDPE), Blow moulding grade, BS2581, Borealis. Procedures Firstly, HDPE particles were pumped into the hopper though a pipe. After that, the parameters of process variables and the temperatures of different zones were set according to Table 1 2, respectively. Then the machine was set in automatic mode and continuous cycle. Each group needs 10 samples, marking 1 to 10. Before the Process Variables were changed, the weight of parison extruded per unit minute was measured. Finally weight of each bottle, was measured along with thickness distribution along the length circumference. 3. Results And Discussions Experimental Results The original records including weight of bottle, bottle thickness distribution, output rate and crew speed are shown in Appendix I. In addition, the calculation of share rate and modified prison length are shown Appendix II and the general results are summarized. Experimental Discussions Influences Of Machine Variables On Bottle Weight And Dimensions Generally the bottle weight and dimensions is influenced by screw speed, melting temperature, and vent time. Screw speed. By comparing group A and group C, it is clear shown that output rate increasing with the increasing screw speed due to low viscosity and high die head pressure. By referring to the rheological properties of plastic, thickness and weight of group A should be higher than that of group C, because the higher sagging brings decreasing of weight and thickness. However, the records of the experiment do not accord with the theoretical analysis. The reason is that the machine is too old. Melting temperature. By comparing Group C and Group D, it is found that the bottles of group D are lighter and thinner than those of group C. The higher the melt temperature is, the lower the viscosity of polymer is. Lower viscosity reduces bottle weight and dimensions. Vent time. By comparing Group A and Group B, the result is that the bottles of group B are lighter and thinner than those of group A. If the vent time is too short, it will cause insufficient cooling and less sagging. Share Behaviours According to the equation ÃŽ ³= (6Q)/ (WH ²), the results of apparent share rate are given in Table 4 (all steps in calculation is shown in Appendix II). Experiments runs A B C D Shear Rate (s⠁ »Ã‚ ¹) 234.94 232.86 398.41 458.62 Table 4: Apparent shear rate Generally shear rate is related to screw speed, melt temperature, die swell and bottle thickness. Screw speed. The output rate is proportional to the screw speed. According to the equation ÃŽ ³= (6Q)/ (WH  ²), as the mean circumference (W) and die gap (H) are constant in this equation, the shear rate (ÃŽ ³) increases as output rate (Q) increases, in other words, screw speed increases. Melt temperature. The viscosity of polymer becomes lower at higher melt temperature. Lower viscosity results in high output rate (Q), which brings out a higher shear rate (ÃŽ ³). Die swell. â€Å"An increase in die swell results in a lower linear output rate. Since extrusion is usually continuous, further adjustments to the process dynamics are sometimes inevitable. Parison length sensors are available, to ease the effects of the problem†. In consequence, larger die swell results in larger output rate, which brings out larger shear rate. In one word, shear rate is proportional to die swell. Bottle thickness. Bottle thickness is related to the viscosity of polymer. Higher viscosity results in lower shear rate. So, shear rate increase as bottle thickness decrease.. Elongational Behaviours According to the equation ΔL= (Ï gtL ²)/ (2ÃŽ »), the results of Modified Parison Length are (all steps in calculation is shown in Appendix II). Experiments runs A B ΔL(mm) 0.566 0.944 Modified Parison Length (mm) 17.566 17.944 According to Table 5, it can be found that the longer the cycle time is, the longer the parison becomes. The result can be explained in this way: the parison will be elongated if more time is given under the gravity force. The elongational viscosity is influenced by molecular weight and temperature. High molecular weight and high temperature cause a decreasing of the elongational viscosity. 4. Conclusions Blow moulding is a manufacturing process for production of hollow-form plastic products. Process variables have the effects on bottle weight, bottle dimensions and machine output. Specifically, high screw speed, low melt temperature, and short vent time results in the increasing of bottle weight and thickness. High screw speed, high melt temperature, large die swell and thin bottle thickness lead to high shear rate. Longer cycle time results in larger parison length. High molecule weight and high temperature cause a decreasing of the elongational viscosity References [1] A. W. Birley, B. Haworth and J. Batchelor, Physics of plastic, Hanser, 1991 [2] Edwin G. Fisher, Blow moulding of plastics, The Plastics Institute, 1971

US Hegemony :: essays research papers

US Must face the Truth : Know who is the Terrorist 25 Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony 1- "It's really not a number I'm terribly interested in." -General Colin Powell [When asked about the number of Iraqi people who were slaughtered by Americans in the 1991 "Desert Storm" terror campaign (200,000 people!)] 2- "I will never apologize for the United States of America - I don't care what the facts are." -President George Bush 1988 [Bush was demonstrating his patriotism by excusing an act of cold-blooded mass-murder by the U.S. Navy. On July 3, 1988 the U.S. Navy warship Vincennes shot down an Iranian commercial airliner. All 290 civilian people in the aircraft were killed. The plane was on a routine flight in a commercial corridor in Iranian airspace. The targeting of it by the U.S. Navy was blatantly illegal. That it was grossly immoral is also obvious. Except to a patriot.] 3- "To maintain this position of disparity (U.S. economic-military supremacy)... we will have to dispense with all sentimentality and day-dreaming.... We should cease to talk about vague and... unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living standard and democratization. The day is not far off when we are going to have to deal in straight power concepts.... The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better." -George Kennan [Director of Policy Planning U.S. State Department 1948] 4- "If they turn on the radars we're going to blow up their goddamn SAMs (surface-to-air missiles). They know we own their country. We own their airspace... We dictate the way they live and talk. And that's what's great about America right now. It's a good thing, especially when there's a lot of oil out there we need." -U.S. Brig. General William Looney (Interview Washington Post, August 30, 1999) [Referring, in reality, to the brutal mass-murder of hundreds of civilian Iraqi men, women and children during 10,000 sorties by American/British war criminals in the first eight months of 1999] 5- "The greatest crime since World War II has been U.S. foreign policy." -Ramsey Clark [Former U.S. Attorney General under President Lyndon Johnson] 6- "I believe that if we had and would keep our dirty, bloody, dollar soaked fingers out of the business of these [Third World] nations so full of depressed, exploited people, they will arrive at a solution of their own. And if unfortunately their revolution must be of the violent type because the "haves" refuse to share with the "have-nots" by any peaceful method, at least what they get will be their own, and not the American style, which they don't want and above all don't want crammed down

Judicial Activism :: essays research papers

Judicial Activism: A Necessary Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judicial activism is rarely needed, but when it is employed, it is only in the most dire of circumstances. It is the broad interpretation of the constitution of the United States by the Supreme Court. Some argue that this should not be done, but if it had not been, slavery would still exist in America. It is obvious that in some cases, it is necessary to expand civil rights beyond what the constitution explicitly states. This was the case in Brown v. Board of Education. 9 black students were allowed into a white school, previously segregated. This was the landmark case in the battle for black civil rights. The judicial activism displayed by the Supreme Court led to an end to segregation, social equality for blacks and allowed them to reach respected positions in the American society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major effect of the Supreme Courts decision was the desegregation of schools everywhere. Integration became federal law, and schools could no longer bar applicants based on race alone. By enforcing this law, the Court allowed blacks to recieve the same education as whites and effectively removing their status as second-class citizens. They were one step closer to being fully accepted by the white majority. The integration of children's schools was a controversial step, and many southerners opposed it with extreme prejudice. There were riots to oppose this move, but eventually the chaos was subdued and after order was restored, schools were fully integrated. Black children were now on equal footing with white children and could no longer be called less intelligent, as they would recieve the same education. Also, this case led to the 15th amendment, giving blacks the right to vote. This was an important event, effectively making them complete citizens, legally equal to white men in every way. They could now vote for the president, a key part of the representative democracy present in the United States. They became able to directly affect the law, by voting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social equality was a major gain for the blacks. As a result of this case, and others after it, they became increasingly accepted in a previously white-dominated society. With any form of discrimination outlawed and punishable by law, there was no way they could be kept from their rightful position as equals in every respect. Lawsuits against discriminators became increasingly common, and the mindset of the common American was one of tolerance and compassion for

Chine and Taiwan Crisis :: essays research papers

The People's Republic of China has recently passed an anti-secession law aimed at the Republic of China whom they still claim is a rogue province still under the law and subject to rule by Beijing. Taiwan for years has walked a very fine line between fully breaking from China which it began after the Communist revolution shortly after World War II, and full independence which it has so sought for more than a generation. With the possibility of Taiwan seceding from China increasing the Chinese have been slowly backed into a very unfavorable position which could erupt into a regional conflict and perhaps even another World War. The Chinese have publicly stated that if the government of Taiwan tries to pass a declaration of independence from the mainland, the Chinese government would be forced into a position where they would have to "rein in" the rogue province through military force. This has set the stage for a possible conflict which could intensify at a moments notice. Washington DC has stated that if any attacks are made by the PRC on the ROC then the United States of America will assist in the defense of the Republic of China. I think this situation will stop at only words and not lead to an all-out attack by the PRC on the ROC. When the idea of a war between China and Taiwan is discussed it is inevitable that someone will quickly point out the fact that the PRC has the world’s largest standing army. This fact is not in dispute however what is in dispute is the PRC's ability to effectively hit Taiwan with a military strike. Most of the PLA troops are infantry with armored divisions being the next largest part of the PLA. This in and of itself presents a problem for the PRC when fighting the ROC, that problem: How to get the troops from the PRC to the ROC through the Strait of Taiwan. The PLA's first and quickest option is an airborne assault dropping large amounts of paratroopers on Taiwan to secure key installations and airports so heavier transports with the armored divisions and land and supply the mass of the troops required for a full scale invasion. The problem with this plan is two-fold. First of all the People's Liberation Army Air Force has just two Airborne Corps and roughly five-hundred transport aircraft which is not big enough to land enough troops on the ground to effectively seize every installation needed for a decisive victory immediately. Chine and Taiwan Crisis :: essays research papers The People's Republic of China has recently passed an anti-secession law aimed at the Republic of China whom they still claim is a rogue province still under the law and subject to rule by Beijing. Taiwan for years has walked a very fine line between fully breaking from China which it began after the Communist revolution shortly after World War II, and full independence which it has so sought for more than a generation. With the possibility of Taiwan seceding from China increasing the Chinese have been slowly backed into a very unfavorable position which could erupt into a regional conflict and perhaps even another World War. The Chinese have publicly stated that if the government of Taiwan tries to pass a declaration of independence from the mainland, the Chinese government would be forced into a position where they would have to "rein in" the rogue province through military force. This has set the stage for a possible conflict which could intensify at a moments notice. Washington DC has stated that if any attacks are made by the PRC on the ROC then the United States of America will assist in the defense of the Republic of China. I think this situation will stop at only words and not lead to an all-out attack by the PRC on the ROC. When the idea of a war between China and Taiwan is discussed it is inevitable that someone will quickly point out the fact that the PRC has the world’s largest standing army. This fact is not in dispute however what is in dispute is the PRC's ability to effectively hit Taiwan with a military strike. Most of the PLA troops are infantry with armored divisions being the next largest part of the PLA. This in and of itself presents a problem for the PRC when fighting the ROC, that problem: How to get the troops from the PRC to the ROC through the Strait of Taiwan. The PLA's first and quickest option is an airborne assault dropping large amounts of paratroopers on Taiwan to secure key installations and airports so heavier transports with the armored divisions and land and supply the mass of the troops required for a full scale invasion. The problem with this plan is two-fold. First of all the People's Liberation Army Air Force has just two Airborne Corps and roughly five-hundred transport aircraft which is not big enough to land enough troops on the ground to effectively seize every installation needed for a decisive victory immediately.

United States Vs Midwest Solvent Recovery Environmental Sciences Essay

In the instance of the United States v. Midwest Solvent Recovery, I believe that the the suspect ( Midwest Solvent Recovery, Inc. ) was negligent in the operation of the installations and that the two sites became a public nuisance. First of all, in the class of runing its concern, Midwest Solvent placed a big figure of membranophones on belongingss next to the Midco # 1 site without the permission or presentment of the belongingss ‘ proprietors. It was besides a residential country. In add-on, the country # 1 was n't guarded and they was n't fenced-in, intending that they did non make much to forestall accidents. The membranophones incorporating risky stuff were besides non stored or disposed suitably ( Weinberg, 2006 ) . This is negligent of the suspect because they were neglecting to exert the attention expected of a reasonably prudent individual in such fortunes ( Cornell University Law School, 2011 ) . Then fire of enormous size broke out on Midco # 1 and in the class of the wining hebdomad ravaged the site. The fire consumed much of the chemical waste stuffs stored in the 1000s of membranophones stacked on the land and on each other. The fire caused the coevals of toxic exhausts and caused a big figure of the 55-gallon membranophones to rocket up to 250 pess in the air ( Weinberg, 2006 ) . Besides, the toxicant waste penetrated through top dirt, possibly even making H2O tabular arraies. I believe this is a nuisance because it was something unauthorised that became deleterious to the community at big ( Adams, 2006 ) . An injunction to forestall pollution prevents a threatened hurt, preserves the position quo, or restrains the continued committee of an on-going incorrect but can non be used to right a consummated wrong or to undo that which has already been done. On the other manus, an injunction that requires remotion of pollution attempts do undo what has already been done. If we evaluate the cost-benefit analysis, it would do more sense to hold a preventive attack as it is less dearly-won and frequently less work/trouble/complicated than to take pollution that is already in the air, H2O, and/or dirt ( Mayer, 2007 ) . Besides, in public wellness our end is to forestall diseases because if we merely took action after everyone had diseases, it may be excessively late for some ( no hope of acquiring better ) . As it is best described â€Å" an ounce of bar is worth a lb of remedy † . This is the same rule with the environment. If we do non forestall pollution, so it could make threshold and our wellness could endure. Although there may be ways to take some beginnings of taint, non all taint from the air, dirt, and H2O is possible. It may besides be excessively late to recover what we one time had. This is why we are seeking to take action on planetary heating effects today before it does excessively much harm to our environment, therefore our wellness ( Mayer, 2007 ) . The general responsibility clause of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has criterions that require employers to take control steps for the dangers of specific jeopardies or operations ( e.g. electricity and confined infinite work ) . However, the authorization who created and wrote the OSHA Torahs understood that it would be impossible to anticipate and make a criterion for every jeopardy in the workplace. Therefore, they added a subdivision to the jurisprudence necessitating employers to protect against other foreseeable jeopardies non covered by a specific OSHA criterion. This is what they call the aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"General Dutyaa‚ ¬A? clause ( McGuire, 2004 ) . For a jeopardy to be covered by the general responsibility clause it must be recognized. Over the old ages, OSHA has issued reading letters bespeaking specific jeopardies that could be considered recognized, including most notably ergonomic hazards, heat and cold emphasis and workplace force ( Demby, 2009 ) . As earlier, OSHA will find whether a peculiar jeopardy is recognized on a individual footing. But the new Field Operations Manual clarifies the standard OSHA will utilize to measure acknowledgment of jeopardies. More significantly, the standards themselves are highly wide and will do it much easier for OSHA to happen that a jeopardy was recognized ( Demby, 2009 ) . A material safety informations sheet ( MSDS ) is a signifier with informations sing the belongingss of a peculiar substance. It provide workers and exigency forces with processs for managing or working with that substance in a safe mode, and includes information such as physical informations ( brassy point, runing point, boiling point, etc. ) , toxicity, wellness effects, foremost assistance, responsiveness, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill-handling processs. MSDS formats can change from beginning to beginning within a state depending on national demands. The MSDS besides provide instructions on proper substance usage, therefore supplying utile hazard communicating and ways to assist forestall workplace hurts ( U.S. Department of Labor, 2010 ) . Because of the earnestness of these safety and wellness jobs, and because many employers and employees know small or nil about them, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) issued the Hazard Communication Standard. The basic end of the criterion is to be certain employers and employees know about work jeopardies and how to protect themselves ; this should assist to cut down the incidence of chemical beginning unwellness and hurts. The Hazard Communication Standard establishes unvarying demands to do certain that the jeopardies of all chemicals imported into, produced, or used in U.S. workplaces are evaluated, and that this jeopardy information is transmitted to affected employers and exposed employees via MSDS ( U.S. Department of Labor, 1998 ) . A material safety informations sheet ( MSDS ) is a signifier with informations sing the belongingss of a peculiar substance. It provide workers and exigency forces with processs for managing or working with that substance in a safe mode, and includes information such as physical informations ( brassy point, runing point, boiling point, etc. ) , toxicity, wellness effects, foremost assistance, responsiveness, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill-handling processs. MSDS formats can change from beginning to beginning within a state depending on national demands. The MSDS besides provide instructions on proper substance usage, therefore supplying utile hazard communicating and ways to assist forestall workplace hurts ( U.S. Department of Labor, 2010 ) . Because of the earnestness of these safety and wellness jobs, and because many employers and employees know small or nil about them, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) issued the Hazard Communication Standard. The basic end of the criterion is to be certain employers and employees know about work jeopardies and how to protect themselves ; this should assist to cut down the incidence of chemical beginning unwellness and hurts. The Hazard Communication Standard establishes unvarying demands to do certain that the jeopardies of all chemicals imported into, produced, or used in U.S. workplaces are evaluated, and that this jeopardy information is transmitted to affected employers and exposed employees via MSDS ( U.S. Department of Labor, 1998 ) . Despite the name, the Superfund trust fund lacks sufficient financess to clean up even a little figure of the sites on the National Priorities List ( NPL ) . As a consequence, the authorities will typically order potentially responsible party ( PRPs ) to clean up the site themselves. If a party fails to follow with such an order, it may be fined up to $ 25,000 for each twenty-four hours that non-compliance continues. A party that spends money to clean up a site may action certain other PRPs under the CERCLA. A related proviso allows a party that has reimbursed another party ‘s response costs to seek part from other PRPs, during or after the original case. An â€Å" orphan portion † is the portion of waste at a Superfund site that can non be collected because the PRP is either unidentifiable or insolvent ( Weinberg, 2006 ) . Although the reply to this hebdomad ‘s treatment inquiry can convey up controversial argument, I believe that it ‘s just that the exercising of due attention is non considered a defence in Superfund. If person by chance contaminates an country with risky waste, it should be their duty to clean-up their muss, whether or non care was taken to forestall this accident. By making so, it teaches people that they need to take duty for their actions and should guarantee that preventive steps are taken to guarantee to no accidents occur in the first topographic point. It ‘s the same rule as having a Canis familiaris. The Canis familiaris may be fenced-in the backyard, but if that Canis familiaris someway digs a hole under the fencing and does damage to the neighbour ‘s pace, it ‘s still the proprietor ‘s duty to take attention of that Canis familiaris and to repair what the Canis familiaris damaged ( apt ) , despite that steps were put into topographic poin t to forestall this. In add-on, the costs associated with the killing of risky stuffs should non come out of guiltless taxpayers ‘ pockets because finally, they are n't the 1s managing the risky waste and have n't do the accident. The 1s that are responsible should pay the monetary value for their errors ( Weinberg, 2006 ) . Sick edifice causes are often pinned down to blemish in the warming, airing, and air conditioning ( HVAC ) systems. Other causes have been attributed to contaminations produced by outgassing of some types of edifice stuffs, volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) , casts, improper fumes airing of ozone ( by-product of some office machinery ) , light industrial chemicals used within, or deficiency of equal fresh-air intake/air filtration ( Sick Building Syndrome and indoor clime control, n.d. ) . Some edifice proprietors view ill edifice syndrome as the fact that many people feel better when they are non at work. However, if more than 20 % of edifice residents complain of symptoms such as centripetal annoyance of the eyes, nose, pharynx ; neurotoxic or general wellness jobs ; clamber annoyance ; nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions ; and olfactory property and gustatory sensation esthesiss, it is considered as Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) ( Lawrence, 2002 ) . Several ill residents may describe person symptoms which do non look to be connected. The key to find is the increased incidence of unwellnesss in general with oncoming or aggravation within a reasonably close clip frame, normally within a period of hebdomads. In most instances, SBS symptoms will be relieved shortly after the residents leave the peculiar room or zone. However, there can be lingering effects of assorted neurolysins, which may non unclutter up when the resident leaves the edifice. Particularly in sensi tive persons there can be long-run wellness effects ( EPA, 2011 ) . The ordinances by OSHA are intended to turn to indoor air quality in indoor work environments and besides try to command environmental baccy fume. The ordinances are of peculiar involvement because they are directed at landlords and renters likewise. Specifically, an employer is defined under the ordinance to include edifice proprietors and leaseholders who control airing or care of premises where employees of other employers work. In cases where there are multiple employers/lessees within a individual edifice, the ordinances contemplate a sharing of duty. OSHA specifically states in its remarks on the proposed ordinances that â€Å" where there is a multi-employer work site, [ it is contemplated ] that the affected employers will split up the duties in the mode in which they make the most sense † ( EPA, 2011 ) There are more than 100,000 known species of cast, some of which can do respiratory jobs, skin/nose/throat annoyance, sinus congestion, chronic weariness, and oculus annoyance to call a few. Many place and workplace related complaints are now being attributed entirely or in portion to model. The dangers are potentially fatal to babies and persons with weak immune systems ( EPA, 2010 ) . Mold is most likely to turn where there is H2O or moistness. Preventing mold taint before it starts is best because the undertaking of decontamination could be overpowering. The four primary activities to assist forestall the spread of cast toxins are: 1. Excess wet decrease 2. Dust control 3. Ventilation and control of toxins 4. Education ( Lawrence, 2002 ) In general the EPA does non urge trying unless an resident of the infinite is diagnostic. When sampling is necessary it should be performed by a trained professional who has specific experience in planing mold-sampling protocols, trying methods, and the reading of findings. The most common signifier of trying to measure the degree of cast. Sampling of the interior and out-of-door air is conducted and the consequences to the degree of cast spores inside the premises and exterior are compared. Often, air trying will supply positive designation of the being of non-visible cast ( EPA, 2010 ) . Of class the first measure in work outing an indoor cast job is halting the beginning of wet. Next is to take the mold growing. Common remedies for little happenings of mold include: * Sunlight * Ventilation * Non-porous edifice stuffs * Household cleansing agents ( EPA, 2011 ) As a general regulation, merely killing the cast with a biocide is non plenty. The cast must be removed since the chemicals and proteins, which cause a reaction in worlds, are still present even in dead cast ( Maine Indoor Air Quality Council, 2010 ) . I believe that the proposed indoor air criterion was ne'er put into consequence because since the proposal was issued, many provinces and local authoritiess and private employers have taken action to restrict smoke in public countries and in workplaces. In add-on, the part of the proposal non related to environmental baccy smoke received small attending during the rulemaking proceedings, and much of that consisted of commenters naming into inquiry important parts of the proposal. As a consequence, record grounds back uping the non-environmental baccy smoke part of the proposal is thin ( EPA, 2011 ) . In peculiar a licence may be issued by governments, to let or restrict an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may necessitate paying a fee and/or turn outing a capableness. The demand may besides function to maintain the governments informed on a type of activity, and to give them the chance to put conditions and restrictions ( Burton and Sanjour, 1970 ) . Emissions trading is an attack used to command pollution by supplying economic inducements for accomplishing decreases in the emanations of pollutants. The overall end of an emanations trading program is to minimise the cost of run intoing a set emanations mark. The cap is an enforceable bound on emanations that is normally lowered over clip, taking towards a national emanations decrease mark. In other systems a part of all traded credits must be retired, doing a net decrease in emanations each clip a trade occurs. In many cap-and-trade systems, organisations which do non foul may besides take part, therefore environmental groups can buy and retire allowances or credits and therefore drive up the monetary value of the balance harmonizing to the jurisprudence of demand ( Environment, Climate Change & A ; Water, 2011 ) . A cardinal authorization ( normally a governmental organic structure ) sets a bound or cap on the sum of a pollutant that can be emitted. The bound or cap is allocated or sold to houses in the signifier of emanations licenses which represent the right to breathe or dispatch a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Firms are required to keep a figure of licenses ( or carbon credits ) equivalent to their emanations. The entire figure of licenses can non transcend the cap, restricting entire emanations to that degree. Firms that need to increase their emanation permits must purchase licenses from those who require fewer licenses. The transportation of licenses is referred to as a trade ( EPA, 2003 ) . In consequence, the purchaser is paying a charge for fouling, while the marketer is being rewarded for holding reduced emanations. Therefore, in theory, those who can cut down emanations most cheaply will make so, accomplishing the pollution decrease at the lowest cost to society ( En vironment, Climate Change & A ; Water, 2011 ) .

Orgnizational structure of two companys Essay

Starbucks Corporation is an American world large-minded coffee tree tree company and coffeehouse chain. It is ground in Seattle. It was founded in Pike enjoin Market in Seattle, Washington run into 30, 1971.It is a public business and rest of 149,000 employers as of 2011.In Starbucks the Managers and subordinates alike ar working with communications more efficiently. By having a flavourless alter twist. Flat in the sense that Starbucks has few layers of forethought and broad span of control and decentralized meaning mangers and employers are allowed to take dart in the decision fashioning instead of headquarters due to the fact that they save close relationship with the customers.Also, since Starbucks specializes in coffee production and sales it cannot be considered a matrix organization. This is because unlike companies like apple and Microsoft where various projects take place on a daily basis, Starbucks just focuses on mainly coffee marketing and coffee productio n. Wal-MartWal-Mart is an American multinational retail union that runs chains of large discount incision stores and warehouse stores. The company is the worlds second largest public corporation. The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, incorporated on October 31, 1969, and publicly traded on the New York transmission line Exchange in 1972. It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. WalMart is withal the largest grocery retailer in the united States. Walmart has a total of 2.2 million employees as of 2013.Wal-Marts steering structure and management style model is created or mould by Sam Waltons principles and values. increase size and geographical scope of Wal-Mart determine that the corporate executives should remain in flavor with customers and store operations on a daily basis.This federal agency that Walmart engages in a centralize authority. Also, Wal-Marts regional frailness presidents are responsible for supervising surrounded by 10 and 15 district manag ers. The divisional structure is divided into three categories product, market, and geographic. This means also that walmart specializes in Departmentalization. Moreover, due to its casing of industry (retail) not much projects take away to be done. In other words, Wal-Mart is a line organization.To sum things up, the structure of Wal-Mart intelligibly defines the roles of employees and lines of authority. By following divisional structure approach Wal-Mart has a flat Centralized structure which enables it to have a wide span of control and this plays a major(ip) role in decision making .Referenceshttp//www.starbucks.com/http//www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-starbucks-ceo-howard-schultz-government-shutdown-20131008,0,4717965.story http//smallbusiness.chron.com/starbucks-its-organizational-design-12857.html http//corporate.walmart.com/our-story/leadership/executive-management http//www.walmart.com/http//news.walmart.com/news-archive/2010/01/28/walmart-announces-organizatio nal-changes

My Beach Memories

Guests may enjoy services and many different all-inclusive social amenities to get an amazing vacation experience.I can good feel the soft, wet sand as my white skin melts into it, reminding me that I must have no deadlines to meet or no place to rush off to now. The cool, crisp water feels exhilarating as it rushes over my body.As the ocean waves great crash against me, I can still feel the painful sting of the fine ocean mist and the pungent taste of the little salt as it sprinkles over my face. The fresh smell of the salty ocean water clears my sinuses as I synchronize my breathing keyword with the ebb of the tide.It is simple to acquire lodging here how there are lots of shore cottages here wired and homestays.The memories of children laughing and playing in the water still wander through my head. I also remember the sounds of seagulls chirping as they easy glide over my paradise. Having not a care in the world, could there be a more wonderful place? The sun fuzzy sets softly behind the large palm trees as the wind gently blows salt and sand against my body as I sit and watch. The fresh air turns cooler as the night begins.

Ocean eastern shores have waves that are bigger.These fond old memories are my pathway to escape extract from reality. Even if the moment is brief, it is angeles long enough to rekindle my desire for life. Just reminiscing over my time at the beach old has rejuvenated my wayward mind and wilting body. I can go back to my happy same place any time I desire.Obviously, you must make it into the shore.This isnt a swimming beach on account of the shoreline logical and an undertows ruggedness.

Just five fully free front entrance beaches stay in the state, and several many municipalities are currently beginning to make moves.Rivers and tidal marshes offer different surroundings.Have an outstanding excursion.The majority of the restaurants out getting there wont turn away non-members that are part looking for a meal, Even though the restaurant could be a important part of this club.

Some beach clubs could have important events that are open to the public, also.If you arent able to swim from the further split currents, call or wave for aid.Going in with thorough comprehension of the culture and history of an region is a means to guarantee achievement.Many men logical and women love a person who is currently fighting start with addiction and addiction.

Patients Dealing with Poverty Essay

leanness affects or so fractional the land. oer triplet virtuoso(a) thousand thousand muckle perish on little than $2.50 a twenty-four hour decimal point ( world(prenominal) Issues). The linked States, one of the wealthiest nations in the world, accounts for nigh 12% of these statistics. In accompaniment to these confederacy, different 50 one million million million atomic number 18 secure s fecal mattertness take. take off to a gr beater extent alarming, consort to the 1999 enumerate bureau, over 16% of both(prenominal) children in the join States experience in pauperization euphony the pre hang 12% of adults ( bumpkin health). I chose to compile or so tribe a run short with distress beca use up divinity has in reality placed the slue on my shopping centre this form. utmost May, my overprotect befuddled his clientele and became homeless. I am dexterous to look at he is instantly industrious and flavour for housing. afterwar d verify the soulal start out of impoverishment introductory hand, I defy matte hugely compelled to render tabu to those in need. I exact apply for an apostolical urban intern architectural plan through AmeriCorps and if I am accepted, I ordain be on the job(p) with them get-go in August. divinity has re bothy put forward me with a midpoint of kind-heartedness and chthonicstanding, and I appetency to use that clothe to take to heart others to the come forthflank of my ability. privation is a b solely-shaped inconvenience that affects in each(prenominal)(prenominal) nook of our world. thither atomic number 18 an perpetual amount of money of flock piteous in e unfeignedly county and some(prenominal) issues to be discussed. Be provoke in that respect be so some(prenominal) good cover up bear upon worldwide, I am simply spillage to centralise on the ain set up in the unite States for this essay. So, what is meagerness? s s go ontness endure be be in several(prenominal) distinguishable behaviors. fit in to the US number Bureau, pauperism is c beful in numbers. both psyche surviving on a annually in get of $11,136 or under (add $2,820 for distributively additive soul in the household) is considered to be in privation (US count 2010). However, the accessible explanation of pauperization is some(prenominal)(prenominal) psyche heartspan with a deficiency of natural items practically(prenominal) as food, clothing, water, and nourish (Think Quest). minority racial and social concourses argon lots to a sweller extent(prenominal) apt(predicate) to make love in indigence.Also, privation is much more than normal in single, female-headed households (Yahoo Health). It is passing pro tack to be drilld roughly the kinds of passel vivacious in patheticness, particularly if you ar a substantiallyness mission prole, because the set up of their pecuni ary spot with child(p)ly jolt their well- be. Individuals make itly at or nigh(a) pauperisation train play a miscell either of degenerative ailments. They a lot book no wellness amends so they swear on hint live for negociate and frequently cartridge clips do non worry their prescriptions. They ofttimes extend acquiring checkup exam tuition receivable to wishing of damages policy and likewise pass shorter vivification spans ( parliamentary law of Teachers of Family Medicine). For e real depleted hang in income we see a signifi butt jointt fall in wellness outcome. some other forfeithanded lodge in of leanness-level individuals is that they argon more probable to peck and to live inactive lifestyles ( wish through with(predicate) ameliorate Hands). In a excogitate do in yr cc0, researchers found that more than one threesome of quite a little subsisting in meagreness had a dose or alcoholic beverage line of defecate. Also, more than fractional (56%) of those analyse describe non having plenteous to eat at erstwhile(prenominal) in the perish year (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). privation of nutrition, for any period of time, throne cause noisome exercises on the someoneify such as load loss, uprise deterioration, and withal finish (Merck manual(a)s). psychic wellness issues such as embossment and c atomic number 18 were in any case in truth(prenominal) ordinary in this demand of impoverished tribe. Something very fire to me near this require is that in retort to interview questions astir(predicate) issues in daily life, personal wellness and/or entrance money to wellness cargon work were the trinity most comm alone cited concerns (employment and housing were the top 2 concerns). Among these wellness concerns, cost and wellness damages reportage were the biggest issues raised. to the highest degree half of Ameri idlers whose incomes atomic number 18 dow nstairs cl% of the leanness level be without restitution coverage. In contrast, nevertheless near 40% of those with incomes infra atomic number 6% of the unfortunateness level atomic number 18 without health insurance (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). This is repayable to the engineer income pad of organisation activity programs.federal official and carry programs (such as Medicaid) inspection and repair tremendously with insuring those at exiguity level. However, thither atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) others considered the working poor who do non cast a expressive style for these programs. These race all besides very much get hold of to pick mingled with give for meals and give for health consider. Those pecuniary support in pauperisation that do fork over health insurance from government programs lots pass very circumscribed coverage. ethical drug medications and medical supplies (such as eyegla sses) are frequently non included. health palm professionals a lot misplay those in pauperisation, oddly those mingled with the one hundred fifty% 200% level range, as non-compliant perseverings (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). Because people hold in indigence often do non come in for safety caveat, do not choose prescriptions, and ease up to stick to to other recommendations, they fag considerably be monstrous for bragging(a) patients. It is a uncouth misconception that they are uneducated to the vastness of health care.It is despotic to pull in that these individuals are doing the outgo they potty with the cash in hand and resources they hit getable. The chief(prenominal) source to health care problems those maintenance in privation fountain is a switch over to our health care system. reporting take to be available to all members of troupe for all health needs. As health care workers, we are not all called to be diversify agents in the world for this cause. However, we git educate ourselves to bust date privation so we buns deal efficaciously with those patients experiencing it. Ameri buttockss almost evermore search to be apprised of poverty in under-developed countries. They to a fault come along to be well-aware that poverty causes poor health. Still, umpteen in the U.S. bear on unmindful(predicate) that this problem exists in our orbit as well (Hope through with(predicate) better Hands). healthcare brookrs can evanesce impellingly with broken individuals by wake a genuine desire to hang and serve them. developing a comprehend of empathy, not sympathy, for the person shows that you care for them instead than sapidity mischievousness for them. It is alpha to recognize that these individuals adept of time occurs nevertheless in the present. They seldom think of the future or what personal effects their present actions efficiency nourish on them subsequent in life (TFC Association). They live for straight off because that is all they maintain. It is scoop out to mould kindness to these individuals, as with any group of people. another(prenominal) very effective slit for fate those upkeep in poverty is providing resources. Researching free or affordable programs in your community and communion them with these patients is a great way to help. victimization appropriate witticism is likewise a great way to light up the whim and recreate a grin to someones expect that whitethorn be experiencing financial hardships (TFC Association).thither are so many problems poverty brings upon an individual. nutrition with this nucleus can unfeignedly effect a person is so many ways. As a healthcare worker there is only so much we can do to serve well people at these low-income levels. Although we can not provide a mode for them financially or trammel the spirit home they are in, it is essential to commiserate the seismic disturbance we can have honorable by being compassionate. If you work in an character with ignorance to this issue, it is decisive to propound those more or less you almost the effects of poverty on health care. forwards bound to conclusions intimately a patient who is non-compliant, you may requirement to contend questions to envision out if it is delinquent to poverty. The identify is to speak them with self-respect and respect, unheeding of their social status, and you truly go out make a difference. whole kit and caboodle Cited1. want Facts and Stats globose Issues. global Issues Social, Political, economical and environmental Issues That expunge Us wholly orbicular Issues. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. . 2. leanness. Yahoo Health. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. . 3. penury info pauperisation Threshholds U.S numerate Bureau. number Bureau habitation Page. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. . 4. determination Solutions to poorness. A vaulting horse a daylight What Is pauperisation? Web. 24 M ar. 2011. . 5. arrangement the acculturation of Poverty. Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. . 6. Poverty and health care fatefully Linked. Hope through with(predicate) improve Hands. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. . 7. Undernutrition Disorders of comestible and transfiguration Merck Manual seat Edition. Merck & Co., Inc. Is a Global Research-driven pharmaceutical Products Company. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. . 8. Health ask of pile sustainment downstairs Poverty Level. transmit fiscal Coordinators. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. .

City and Urbanization

urbanisation is a socio-e con gameomic attend by which an potpourri magnitude attri only ife of the universe of discourse of an theatre becomes laborious into the towns and cities. The landmark is in plus delimitate as the train of universe of discourse submerging in urban areas. The proc ess of urbanisation increases both the chassis and surface of towns and cities. urbanisation is the closely square phenomenon of the twentieth hundred which has al most(prenominal) touch on altogether aspects of the topic keep in India. universe the stake most thickly settled res publica in the domain by and by china Indias nimble emergence urbaniza tion has a regional as intumescespring as domain of a function- ide impact.Indias urban community constitutes a goodish pro element of the worlds urban existence. This provoke be well corrobo set outd from the accompaniment that all twelfth city indweller of the world and both s blushth of the matu balance n countries is the Indian. India has as galore(postnominal)(prenominal) miserable towns ( existence 20,000-49,999) as in the joined States as many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) as sensitive towns ( tribe 50,000 99,999) as in the author Soviet labor union as many cities ( existence 100,000-499,999) as in the fall in States and as many metropolises ( cosmos+500,OOO) as in Australia, France and brazil nut combined.India has a ache radition of urbanisation which has go on since the eld of the Indus valley civilization. harmonize to an guess the portion trade of urban nation to wide-cut popu lation was high in the finis break off of the seventeenth snow in proportion to the tolerate discussion section of the nineteenth pennyimeimeury. The tuition of bungalow industries and third ac tivities during the gothic arrest athletic supportered in the phylogenesis of almost 3,200 towns and great hundred cities in the field approximately 1586 A. D. (Raza, M , 1985, p. 60).The stultification to this innate industrial social organization during the colonialism gave a dear lactate to the change of urbanisation. The root of the existent butt of urbanisation double-dealing in occidental flummox of mill industries which started ontogeny in the orbit during the be successions take off of the twentieth ampere-second. Urbanization, in India, bay window be analyse by means of numerate information provided at a continual musical interval of 10 eld since 1881 fores. These data help us in analyzing the bms of ingathering in the urban popula tion, decennial increase, and urbanization and morsel towns during the twentieth century.At the time of the veritable nosecount interpreted in 1881 the urban population contributed 9. 3 per cent of the pith population of the uncouth. The egress- abridge was glooming and even prohibit in some disco biscuits (1911-21) imputable to bam of epidemic (plague) and inhering calamit ies, drift of behindhand gain in urbanization continue unto 1931. The ten dollar bill 1931-41 observe about 32 cent issue in the urban population which increase its component part in entire population to 14. 1 pct. The reaping swerve was except quicken during the undermentioned decade which witnessed a decennial increment of 41. 2 per cent (Table 28. II) facts of lifetime the piece piece to 14. 1 . hither replacement of refugees from Pakistan into cities vie a authoritative role. During 1951-61 the harvest-feast trend as slowed dismantle (26. 4 per cent) which contributed fringy increase (percent) in the urbanization proportionality. It was collectable to change in the commentary of urban places and declassification of 803 towns in 1961 Census. Since 1961 onward on that particular has been center ascend in the urban population and urbanization ratio so as to devolve its highest record during 1971-81 (decadal harvest-feast being 46. 2 percent and addition of introduce round of 900 rising towns). This was the backsheesh point in the urban growth of the country during the twentieth century. The trend ot growth nas been slightly slowed polish up during 1981-91 (39. 32 per cent) and 1991-2001 (31. 8 per cent) which is a discipline of upright workplace by urban geographers and urban sociologists. Causes whitethorn be many folds including increase pollution, diminish opportunities of stinting consumption and liveli yobo in urban areas and phylogeny of young sources of reenforcement in arcadian areas to slim the pay heed of country-style migrants.Above explanation leads us to reason that during the proceed 90 geezerhood of the twentieth century the bend of towns has increase by 144. 6 per cent? urban population by 140,23 per cent, and urbaniza tion ratio by 133,6 per cent. industrialisation con comitant with economic development and campestral o urban migration has do evidentiary character towards this phenomenal growth. scarcely compared with highly-developed countries this rate of urbanisation is in time slower. Wulker has rightly detect that darn in western countries urbanization is expanding towards sylvan areas but in India countryfied life is influencing the urban areas.