Othello and the theme of friendship in the play Essay

Friendship is a special bond between two or more people. This relationship is built on the basis of trust, loyalty and honesty. In the play Othello, Shakespeare demonstrates these qualities through many of his characters to portray their deep friendships. However as the play progresses these friends turn into foes as many problems occur in their friendships and lead to many tragic events. The negative qualities that tore these friendships apart are distrust, selfishness and jealousy that led many of the characters to their tragedies. In the play Othello, Shakespeare demonstrates that there are many causes of the problems that occur in certain friendships. In Shakespeare’s Othello, many friendships showed a lack of trust which resulted into many tragic events. This negative quality is repeatedly found in the character of Othello. Shakespeare wrote the relationship between Othello and Cassio to be that of friendship that consists of loyalty and honesty. The conflict between these two characters arose as Iago plants seeds of doubt into Othello’s mind about Cassio’s loyalty towards him. Othello’s trust in his friend Cassio was like a thin thread. It was very easy for Iago to succeed in his evil plans, for there was a lack of trust in their friendship. Iago manipulates Othello into believing that his honest wife Desdemona is having an affair with the loyal lieutenant Cassio. Although Iago gives no form of physical evidence, his convincing words are strong enough to allow such intense thoughts to enter Othello’s mind. As Iago states to Othello:†It is impossible you should see this,Were they as prime as goats, as hot as mnkeys,As salt as wolves in pride, and fools as grossAs ignorance made drunk.† (3.3.402-405)Iago uses such intense imagery of Desdemona and Cassio sleeping together, that it forces Othello to be enraged with such anger at Cassio’s betrayal. After falling into Iago’s trap and believing his dishonest words, Othello says†Within these three days let me hear thee sayThat Cassio’s not alive.† (3.3.472-473)All the anger and jealousy of betrayal that Othello feels, due to the mistrust between Othello and Cassio, leads Othello to plan the murder of lieutenant Cassio. The lack of trust between Othello and Cassio is also shown after the fight between Cassio and Roderigo took place. Othello’s distrust in Cassio led Othello to believe Iago’s words. He also took the fact that Cassio was drunk as a major flaw in him and instantly dismissed him from his position as lieutenant, not  giving Cassio an opportunity to defend himself in full consciousness. Othello’s distrust in Cassio is displayed when he believes that lieutenant Cassio would be at fault for a deed, which he did not intentionally commit. Othello announces,†I know, Iago,Thy honesty and love doth mince this matter,Making it light to Cassio. Cassio, I love thee;But never more be officer of mine.† (2.3.225-228)This announcement is made while Cassio is still drunk; during this time he is not in a suitable state to defend him self. The lack of trust in the relationship of Othello and Cassio leads to tragic and sorrowful events. The Shakespearean play Othello carries many different causes of problems between the characters of the play. Many times throughout the play selfishness is displayed as a cause to many of the tragic events that occur, as many of the characters did things for their own benefit. A great amount of selfishness is shown in many of Iago’s relationships. His relationship with his wife Emilia would be well only when Emilia would do something for Iago. Although Emilia is aware of this, she is willing to do any favours for him, even picking up Desdemona’s handkerchief because Iago asked her too. Iago’s selfishness allows him to use his own wife for his evil desires of persuading Othello. â€Å"I am glad I have found this napkin;This was her first remembrance from the Moor. My wayward husband hath a hundred timesWoo’d me to steal it; but she so loves the token,For he conjured her she should ever keep it,That she reserves it evermore about herTo kiss and talk to. I’ll have the work ta’en outAnd give’t Iago: what he will do with itHeaven knows, not I;I nothing but to please his fantasy.† (3.3.290-299)To take his selfish plan further, Iago uses his wife Emilia’s loyalty to his own advantage. During the time Emilia kept the handkerchief in her hands, Iago’s speech towards Emilia was very different. â€Å"A good wench; give it me.† (3.3.313)Wench is an informal word to describe a young woman. Throughout the play it is showed that Iago believed women are  prostitutes and work at night. Iago’s use but dislike in women establishes his selfishness. Shakespeare demonstrates Iago’s selfish desires to be rank a higher position, through many events. Selfishness was portrayed by the character of Iago with his friend Roderigo as well. Iago advised Roderigo to send Desdemona some jewels and money by Iago, to gain Desdemona, his ex-fiancà © back. Later it is found out that Iago never did present the gifts to Desdemona, but had kept it for himself. Iago even asks Roderigo to instigate a quarrel between Roderigo and Cassio, which would lead to the dismissal of Cassio’s position, as Cassio was drunk and all blame would fall on him. Iago continued to use Roderigo, as he states,†Thus do I ever make my fool my purse;For I mine own gain’d knowledge should profaneIf I would time expend with such a snipeBut for my sport and profit.† (1.3.372-375)Iago’s selfishness leads him to use Rodrigo to his benefit and advantage, not caring for the damage and emotional stress it must cost Rodrigo. Iago’s selfishness leads this friendship to Rodrigo’s own tragedy. Jealousy is something that can make a person do anything. Shakespeare’s play Othello establishes how jealousy tore many of the friendships apart. The friendship between Iago and Othello was greatly affected by the jealousy Iago felt towards him, because of Othello’s high rank and power; Othello holds a great reputation in Cyprus. Iago also wanted position and carried a desire to be lieutenant. He befriended Othello so thinking he may get the position, but Othello gave the position to the loyal and capable Cassio, also Othello’s friend. Iago believed Othello slept with his wife Emilia, which caused a lot of jealousy and anger within Iago. Iago was jealous that his wife Emilia slept with Othello, so he decided to give Othello the same trauma. â€Å"†¦ Rouse him, Make after him, poison his delight,Proclaim him in the streets, Incense her kinsmen,And though he in a fertile climate dwell,Plague him with flies; though that his joy be joy,Yet throw such changes of vexation on’t,As it may lose some colour.† (1.1.69-73)Iago’s jealousy caused him to do and plot evil and selfish deeds that would lead to many tragic events. Iago disliked Cassio for the same reason he disliked Othello; a higher rank. Instead of Iago, Cassio was appointed lieutenant by Othello; this caused  Cassio to have a higher position. Iago speaks to Roderigo about Othello’s decision and states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the better shall my purpose work on him. Cassio’s a proper man, Let me see now:To get his place, and to plumpe up my willIn double knavery -How, how?- Let’s see:- †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.3.380-384)It is now evident Iago is jealous and wants revenge on both these characters, due to what he feel they have done to him. Iago believes Othello ‘overlooked’ him and choose Cassio as lieutenant, and Cassio took over him and accepted that position. Throughout the play Othello Shakespeare establishes many causes of the problems that occur between many friendships. It is clearly shown that many of the characters created by Shakespeare in Othello carried a lack of trust among each other. Many of the same characters were noticed as selfish characters. These characters would do anything to achieve what they desire and long for, would take advantage of anything that would benefit them. Jealousy was also a trait discovered as a cause of many problems. Jealousy was the main cause of most of the tragic events that occurred throughout the play of Othello. Shakespeare’s Othello creates a high understanding of the nature of human relationships. Bibliography: Othello by William Shakespeare

Calculating Ankle Joint Angular Kinematics Health And Social Care Essay

Kinematic information was obtained at 350Hz via an eight camera gesture analysis system as participants ran at 4.0ms-1+5 % , angles were created utilizing the coiling method and about XYZ, ZXY, XZY, YXZ, YZX and YXZ rotary motion cardan sequences.The consequences indicate that important scope of gesture chief effects were observed for the coronal and cross plane. Furthermore, it was besides observed that extremum angle chief effects were found for the coronal and cross planes. Post-hoc analyses revealed that ROM and extremum values utilizing the YXZ sequence and extremum values utilizing the ZXY sequence were significantly greater than the others.A popular method of quantifying the angular place of a stiff dynamic frame with regard to a mention frame is via the use of independent angles known normally as cardan or Euler angles ( Schace et al. , 2001 ) . Cardan/Euler rotary motions are obtained by agencies of an order sequence of rotary motions ( Schace et al. , 2001 ) . Rotations are considered to happen about the axis of the section co-ordniate system. For illustration during an XYZ cardan sequence of rotary motions, the section is rotated about the X axes by an angle A, so rotates about a revolved Y ‘ by an angle B and so eventually rotated about a twice rotated Z † axes by an angle C ( Scahce et al. , 2001 ) . For a given gesture, different cardan sequences can act upon the angular computations ( Cole et al. , 1993 ) . The International Society of Biomechanics ( ISB ) recommends that joint angles be calculated utilizing an XYZ sequence of rotary motions ( Wu and Cavanagh 1995 ) . However, the big sum of sagittal plane gesture during pace can encroach on the representation of motions outside the sagittal plane ( transverse talk ) , ensuing in greater than expected coronal/transverse plane articulation profiles ( Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . As such it has been proposed that the XYZ sequence when applied to rotary motions outside the sagittal plane may non be the most appropriate method. A choice figure of probes have examined the influence that changing the sequence of rotary motions has on the representation of segmental kinematics ( Schace et al. , 2001, Kavaduna et al. , 2000, Tupling and Pierrynowski 1987 and Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . However none of these probes have focused on the consequence that changing the sequence may hold on ankle joint kinematics. In add-on to the normally used method of Cardan angles, coiling angles ( Woltring et al. , 1985 ) can besides be used to depict joint gesture when projected on to a plane. The coiling method from a mention place is described in footings of rotary motion about and interlingual rendition along a individual line or axis in infinite ( Robertson et al. , 2004 ) . The ankle articulation plays a cardinal function in the stance stage pace rhythm. In combination with the hip and articulatio genus articulations the mortise joint facilitates motive power and transmits forces and minutes during the stance stage when the pes is regarded as the interface of the human locomotor system with the environment. Therefore, motion of the mortise joint is an of import constituent of pace mechanics and as such the right reading of its motion is indispensable in kinematic analyses. This survey investigated the influence of the coiling method every bit good as the 6 available cardan sequences on ankle joint kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes.MethodParticipants Eleven male participants volunteered to take portion in this probe ( age 19 + 1 old ages ; Height 176.5 + 5.2 centimeter ; Mass 78.4 + 9.0 kilogram ) . All were injury free at the clip of informations aggregation and completed an informed consent signifier. Ethical blessing for this undertaking was obtained from the School of Psychology moralss commission, University of Central Lancashire and each participant provided verbal consent. A statistical power analysis of pilot informations was conducted in order to cut down the likeliness of a type II mistake and find the minimal figure participants needed for this probe. It was found that the sample size was sufficient to supply more than 70 % statistical power in the experimental step. Procedure An eight camera gesture analysis system ( Qualisys Medical AB, Goteburg, Sweden ) captured kinematic informations at 350Hz from each participant running at 4.0ms-1. Velocity was controlled utilizing infrared photoelectric cells Newtest 300 ( Newtest, Oy Koulukatu 31 B 11 90100 Oulu Finland ) , a maximal divergence of + 5 % from the in agreement speed was allowed. Participants ran over a force platform ( Kistler, Kistler Instruments Ltd. , Alton, Hampshire, UK ; Model 9281CA ) , stance clip was determined as the clip over which 20N or greater of perpendicular force was applied to the force platform. The marker set used for the survey was based on the CAST technique ( Cappozo et al. , ( 1995 ) . Retro-reflective markers were attached to the 1st and 5th metatarsal caputs, median and sidelong maleoli, median and sidelong epicondyle of the thighbone, with a tracking bunch positioned on the right shank. A inactive test was captured to specify the pes and tibial sections. Kinematic parametric quantities were quantified utilizing Ocular 3-D ( C-Motion Inc, Gaithersburg, USA ) and filtered utilizing at 6 Hz utilizing a zero-lag low base on balls Butterworth 4th order filter following insertion with a maximal spread fill of 10 frames. Five tests of ankle joint rotary motion during stance were averaged for each participant. Angles were created about an XYZ, ZXY, XZY, YXZ, YZX and YXZ rotary motion cardan sequence referenced to organize systems about the proximal terminal of the section, where Ten is flexion-extension ; Y is ab-adduction and is Z is internal-external rotary motion. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics including agencies and standard divergences were calculated for each status. Differences in stance stage kinematic variables were examined utilizing perennial steps ANOVA ‘s with significance accepted at the P & A ; lt ; 0.05 degree. The Mauchly ‘s sphericalness premise was violated in all instances and as such the grades of freedom of the F statistic were adjusted via the Greenhouse Geisser rectification. The Shapiro-wilk statistic for each status confirmed that the informations were usually distributed. Appropriate post-hoc analyses were conducted utilizing a Bonferroni rectification to command for type I error. Effect sizes were calculated utilizing an Eta2. Cohen ‘s suggestion sing effects sizes was observed ( little R & A ; lt ; 0.3 ; medium R & A ; gt ; 0.3 and & A ; lt ; 0.5 ; big & A ; gt ; 0.5. All statistical processs were conducted utilizing SPSS 17.0.ConsequenceTables 1 and 2 present scopes of gesture and peak angles observed in al l three planes of rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence.Table1: Mean ( and standard divergence ) scope of gesture ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important chief consequence ) n=11.Ten Yttrium Omega XYZ 27.94 + 10.34 5.62 + 3.86 4.67 + 3,21 XZY 26.75 + 11.35 5.29 + 5.13 5.88 + 4.52 YXZ 25.67 + 11.45 17.04 + 11.95 15.22 + 10.45 YZX 26.51 + 11.37 6.86 + 5.83 4.08 + 2.04 ZXY 26.38 + 10.12 15.96 + 27.51 28.78 + 11.73 ZYX 24.52 + 12.17 6.16 + 6.47 4.09 + 2.17 Coiling 25.45+8.64 5.26 + 6233 5.08 + 2.72 Main Effect**Table 2: Mean ( and standard divergence extremum values ) ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important chief consequence ) n=11.Ten Yttrium Omega XYZ -87.65 + 3.83 -11.04 + 5.48 -2.14 + 4.53 XZY -87.70 + 3.57 -11.15 + 5.46 0.21 + 4.78 YXZ -84.07 + 5.05 -68.25 + 24.29 -71.01 + 20.91 YZX -87.64 + 3.68 1.00 + 4.97 -11.71 + 4.80 ZXY -87.7 + 3.66 1.07 + 20.47 -1.42 + 13.41 ZYX -84.6 + 3.75 -3.18 + 4.88 -11.78 + 4.81 Coiling -87.75 + 2.40 -7.40 + 7.68 -11.91 + 3.27 Main Effect**The consequences indicate that important scope of gesture chief effects were observed for the coronal F ( 1.85, 16.66 ) = 10.04, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.53 and cross plane F ( 2.04, 18.39 ) =21.91, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.71. Post-hoc analyses revealed that both coronal and cross plane ROM utilizing the YXZ and ZXY sequences was significantly greater than the others. Furthermore, it was besides observed that extremum angle chief effects were found for the coronal F ( 2.28, 20.48 ) = 82.99, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.90 and transverse planes F ( 2.08, 18.72 ) = 80.49, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.90. Post-hoc analyses revealed that peak coronal and cross plane angles utilizing the YXZ sequence were significantly greater than the others.Figure 1: Ankle joint kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes as a map of cardan sequence ( XYZ= black, XZY= red, YXZ=yellow, YZX=blue, ZXY= cyan, ZYX=green and Helical =purple.DiscussionEuler/Cardan angles are used extensive ly within the Fieldss of clinical and sport biomechanics. However, the consequence of changing the sequence of rotary motions has yet to be investigated with regard to the ankle articulation composite. The consequences indicate that changing the sequence of rotary motions when detecting kinematics in the sagittal plane has no important affect on joint scope of gesture parametric quantities. This is unsurprising given the laterality of sagittal plane gesture at the mortise joint during pace. Leading to the decision that choosing the appropriate sequence of rotary motions is non an issue when look intoing kinematics in the sagittal plane. However, for the coronal and cross planes a important consequence was found in footings of both the scope of gesture and peak angle observed during the stance stage. The consequences of this survey with regard to the mortise joint articulation found that the ZXY and YXZ sequences significantly affected ankle joint kinematics bring forthing highly big values for both scope of gesture and peak angles. The mistake associated with these sequences is such that the kinematic estimations are anatomically unrealistic. It is interesting to observe that the two combinations which were observed to be significantly different from the others ( YXZ and ZXY ) each had X 2nd in the order of rotary motions. This was the instance even when the principal axis under probe is placed foremost ( i.e. ZXY when detecting transverse plane rotary motion and YXZ when detecting coronal plane rotary motion ) , where one would presume that the comparative orientation could non be affected by the grade of sagittal plane gesture holding been placed after it in the sequence. It appears based on these consequences that the ISB recommendations are appropriate for the representation of ankle joint kinematics and as such its usage is encouraged, as it will let comparing of future research trying to quantify ankle joint gesture performed by different research workers. In add-on the consequences suggest that the YXZ and ZXY sequences produce the greatest mistake and therefore the use of these sequences to quantify ankle gesture outside the sagittal plane is strongly discouraged. This survey emphasizes the demand for methods leting joint kinematics to be measured accurately. Therefore, guaranting joint map is represented right.

Volatile organic Compounds Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Volatile organic Compounds - Lab Report Example The major effects of the compound on human health are in the central nervous system. When it accumulates in the body, it affects the nervous system and the result can be very detrimental. The other effects of chloroform include dizziness, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. On the other hand, the main source of the TCE in the drinking water is from the discharge from metal degreasing procedures and other factor processes. In other cases, the ground water may also be contaminated with TCE especially in areas that are near the industrial sources and the old dumpsites. The consumption of water containing TCE may result in increased chances of experiencing liver problems and developing cancer (Scott & Cogliano, 2000). In order to define the presence other harmful compounds in the water, it will be imperative that more tests and laboratory analyses on other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are done. These are compounds with chemical and physical properties which allow them to move between air and water. With these further tests, it will be possible to draw conclusions about the state of your drinking

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commercial Law - Sales of Goods - Essay Example 224). A major requirement of these rules is that the goods have to be in a deliverable state and that they should be ascertainable, for the transfer in the property of these goods is to transpire. In addition, if the parties to the contract of sale so desire, the property passes from the seller to the buyer. This is in accordance with the provisions of sections 18 to 20 of the Sale of Goods Ordinance. In order to determine whether a party to a contract of sale has property over the goods in question, the courts of Hong Kong apply the law of contract of sale. In instances involving a third party, proprietary rights are established by taking recourse to the rules of the common law. Some contracts of sale of goods are made in a foreign nation (Barber). In such transactions the transfer of property in the goods is governed by the law of the nation where the goods had been located at the time of their sale. In the context of personal property that had been disposed of in a manner that was binding, as per the law of the nation where this property had been located at that time, such disposition has a binding nature in any country (Barber). It is only on being separated from the bulk that goods no longer remain unascertained. Property in such goods does not pass until these goods are separated from the bulk. ... 415). Under the provisions of the Sale of Goods Ordinance, a contract is termed a sale, if the property in the goods is transferred to the buyer from the seller. On the other hand, if the transfer of the property in the goods transpires at a later date or if the transfer is to take place only if some condition is to be satisfied, then the contract is termed a sale agreement (Sale of goods). Section 3(4) of the Sale of Goods Ordinance states that a sale agreement is transformed into a sale, when the time passes or the stipulated conditions governing the transfer of property in the goods are fulfilled. Moreover, section 3(2) of the Sale of Goods Ordinance states that a contract of sale could be conditional or absolute. Since the buyer had paid the sale amount and asked the seller to retain the goods for 4 days, the sale transaction had been completed and Kowloon Tong Squash Club had become the owner of the goods as per the provisions of Sale of Goods Ordinance The provisions of section 27 of the Sale of Goods Ordinance, address situations wherein the seller of goods remains in possession of the same or the documents relating to their title. In such instances, if a buyer purchases these goods from the seller, then the buyer may obtain good title. It is to be construed that the seller had been explicitly authorised by the buyer in the prior sale. However, the buyer in the subsequent sale should have acted without notice of the prior sale and in good faith (Mau, 2006, p. 288). There are two situations that could arise, whenever the owner of some property legally parts with its possession. First, the owner intends to exercise exclusive control over the property, which deprives the receiver of the property of any possessory rights.

On being ill by Virginia Woolf and Politics and the English Language Essay

On being ill by Virginia Woolf and Politics and the English Language George Orwell compared - Essay Example She noted that people usually lack words to express their feelings during sickness unlike numerous words available to express love, battle, and jealousy. On the other hand, George Orwell in his article, â€Å"Politics and the English Language, he criticized the modern English writing style for its filthy and incorrect use of language. His assignment was to call people to the task of thinking clearly by using the language appropriately. At the end of his article, he gave several rules to assist and protect writers from incorrect use of language. A concise description of similarities and differences of the essays The two are articles were mainly concerned with English language as a tool of communication, and the effect of language misuse. The two were also written to raise a voice to make English a better language in communication. The two articles were written for different audience and hence different tones. According to George, inaccurate language comes as a result of insincerity w hile according to Virginia; language problem in illness is as a result of negligence of illness topics. The comparison of the articles The two articles can be said to describe a deficiency in English language as a result of a weak education system in literature and media influence. George’s concern was mainly language quality while Virginia’s concern was lack of words to describe feelings which come with illness.... From the examples, he drew out various inaccurate uses of English such as dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction (Orwell 3) and meaningless words (Orwell 4). Both articles were concerned with giving a solution to the language problem. George’s article advised that people could only avoid using poor language if only they started thinking clearly. As a result, use of correct language would cause them to think more clearly (Orwell 1). Virginia argues that language experts have undermined coming up with words to describe illness feelings and there is need to have some people come up with words to help patients communicate. She complained, â€Å"But of all this daily drama of the body there is no record† (Woolf 10). She complained that people always wrote about ideas from the mind but failed to write about the body. The Contrast of the Articles Virginia used remorseful tone while expressing the agony ill people experience as they try to communi cate. The tone was meant for a particular audience who are mainly health care workers. For example, she explained that for a very ill person, â€Å"There is nothing ready made for him. He is forced to coin words himself† (Woolf 11). She explained that ill people have no one to speak out for them. George on the other hand used an aggressive tone while describing how English language has lost its quality and loss of creativity in modern language. The aggressive tone reveals that the article was mainly written for unlimited audience including politicians. He gave an example of a sentence in Ecclesiastes where no other translation matched the original script in terms of creativity (Orwell 5). George criticized wrong usage of language such as dying metaphors (Orwell 2), operators, or verbal false

Anthropology and kinship with Dr. Mindy Morgan Essay

Anthropology and kinship with Dr. Mindy Morgan - Essay Example Anthropologists study kinship relations because it structures and influence the lives of many individuals and family organization, which affect larger cultural, political, and economic institutions. Family organization influences the larger cultural institutions because cultural practices such as weddings are referred to as total social phenomena (Rosman, Rubel and Weisgrau 114). Consequently, Different cultures hold diversified norms, values, and beliefs, which in return bring into play the political organization as well as the economical activates. Increasing gay lifestyles has led to a heated debate on the definition of marriage and family. Gay marriage constitutes of two men with sexual relationship, which is outlawed by statutes of many states. However, part of the American culture has consented to the anthropologists study on marriage and says marriage cannot be defined in such that it excludes the relationships of same-sex couples, which raise questions on the parentage and childbearing process (Rosman, Rubel and Weisgrau 150). Biologically, two men cannot reproduce; hence, even though there are other innovations to have children, the gay family will not have adopted children, redefining marriage and family through only one aspect, love (Rosman, Rubel and Weisgrau

Personal Understanding and Interpersonal Communication Essay

Personal Understanding and Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example Meanwhile, non-verbal communication (NVC) is something that we do not pay attention to during communication as well as to listeing as it performs functions of face-to-face interaction that do not rely primarily on the content of what we say. Here we are concerned with how we make ourselves known through, for example, a look, gesture, postural shift or trembling voice. At the very outset, however, it should be stressed that distinguishing between verbal and nonverbal communication is not as conceptually straightforward as it might at first seem. As for assertiveness, this quality is nowadays required from professionals and it is a skill that is of importance when dealing with family, friends, peers, superiors and subordinates. It is pertinent to interactions between different groups of professionals, especially where differences of power and status exist, and it is of relevance to interactions between professionals and clients. In a piece of early but still influential work, Laver and Hutcheson (1972) distinguished between verbal and nonverbal, and vocal and nonvocal communication. Vocal behaviour refers to all aspects of speech including language content and accompanying expressions such as tone of voice, rate of speech and accent, etc. Nonvocal behaviour, in contrast, refers to all other bodily activities that have a communicative function such as facial expressions, gestures and movements. These are sometimes referred to as body language. Verbal behaviour, on the other hand, is taken to mean the actual words and language used while nonverbal behaviour refers to all vocal and nonvocal behaviour that is not verbal in the sense defined above. This system seems therefore to insert a sharp and clearly recognisable dividing line between the verbal and the nonverbal, until it is realised that verbal communication has a nonvocal element. It encompasses types of gestural communication such as formal sign languag e that one may have expected to find listed as nonverbal. According to Richmond and McCroskey (2000) precise definitions that introduce hard and fast distinctions between verbal and nonverbal communication are illusory. Instead they suggested teasing the two forms apart by pointing up broad differences. As such, by comparison, verbal messages: - rely much more heavily on symbols (i.e. words) as part of an arbitrary code; - tend to be discretely packaged in separate words rather than represented in continuous behaviour, as in gaze; - carry more meaning explicitly rather than implicitly; - typically address cognitive/propositional rather than emotional/relational matters. Remland (2000) further noted that verbal interchanges must take place sequentially (i.e. participants must take turns) but interactors can communicate simultaneously using a nonverbal code. We tend to be less aware of the nonverbal accompaniment to much of what we say, than we are of the actual words spoken. While we often carefully monitor what is said to achieve the desired effect, how we are saying it may escape censor such that the reality of the situation is 'leaked' despite our best efforts. In other words, NVC can be thought of as a more 'truthful' form of communication through the insights that it affords

Lease Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lease Review - Assignment Example These clauses will be discussed and possible remedies for change given. One problem that may arise from the lease agreement has to do with the no pets allowed clause. This is because I own a pet that I have owned for a long time and which is a family favourite as it helps an autistic cousin who lives with us. Two types of laws, which would provide a tenant with the right to keep their pets where there is a provision against pets like this exist. One of them is local or municipal law, which holds that provisions against keeping pets are waived if the tenant keeps a pet and the landlord does not enforce the said no pet’s provision in the first 3 months in which the tenant is openly and notoriously keeping the pet in their house (Garner & Frith 38). In addition, local laws and federal laws will also allow a tenant to keep pets even where the landlord has expressly insisted on no pets allowed. Those laws prohibit discrimination against disabled people, mandating the landlord to gr ant tenants reasonable accommodation that is required for disabled persons to enjoy and use their new home (Garner & Frith 38). These laws should be used to correct the lease agreement to allow me to keep pets where there is opposition even from fellow neighbours who obey their lease agreement. While the landlord may be within his rights, these prohibitions are overridden by superseding laws. Another problem that may arise from the lease agreement is the access to the house by the landlord. While this would not be such a problem in other circumstances, keeping a pet in the house for the first three months to prevent its removal will be compromised by the landlord coming into the house when he wishes. There are very many variables to the in the definition of what reasonable access for the landlord is. What can be considered reasonable will be dependent on each individual circumstance. Standard terms will give the basis on which the correction to the lease agreement will be made (Garn er & Frith 49). These terms contend that landlords cannot access the house before 8 in the morning and after 6 in the evening, on public holidays, and on Sundays. Since the pet dog is usually in the house during these periods, the lease agreement can be changed. In addition, it can be corrected by insisting the lease agreement includes a clause that entry can only be granted where the tenant consents, there are issues of safety and health, and where urgent repairs are required during these periods. The lease agreement could also include a clause that does not allow the landlord to interfere with the tenant’s reasonable peace, privacy, or comfort (Garner & Frith 50). This will place a restriction on access the landlord may be entitled to. While the tenant is required by law to allow the landlord some access, this access may at times be in breach of the discussed clause, which the tenant is allowed to refuse. The third problem that arises from the lease agreement entails the cl ause on indemnity regarding use of premises. The problem could arise where fellow neighbors cause damages or children cause damage to neighbors’ properties together with other children living in the leased property. To ensure that this is corrected in the lease, the indemnity can be changed so that it is in the form of cross-indemnity, rather than just one way from tenant to landlord so as to

Philosphy of education Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosphy of education - Term Paper Example It helps in developing a world where justice, equality and standards of life are core principles to aid and guide humanity. The acquisition of education, however, requires a great deal of struggles form the individual. An educated person is the one who is civilized, morally enlightened and understands human dignity as a core principle which should not be compromised in any field. An educated society hence, creates certain implied duties on the individuals to work for mutual benefits leading to technological advancements, help each other to maintain peace in the society and maintain relationships to keep the learning track going. Plato’s theory of education explained learning as an ongoing process where learning develops with the growth of a person. He proposes that an individual’s learning continues from 6 to above 50 years of age. Learning, according to Plato, is a must to thrive in the society. In the same way I consider learning as an important and integral part of a person’s life which cannot be separated but rather a person should stay open to accept and follow new ideas, thoughts and issues.

Creation of Israel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creation of Israel - Essay Example made to Israel’s birth. The shared and self imposed responsibility of these nations had serious political, emotional and cultural implications on a world population still fresh from the horrific effects in the aftermath of WWII. Arab countries maintain that this is stolen Palestinian land and has opposed the objective from its inception, as they do today and probably always will. However, this paper focuses on the western countries, their historical and their continual involvement in the process of Jewish Statehood. For many centuries, those of Jewish heritage have felt a desire to return to what they consider their rightful native soil. â€Å"This was first articulated during the Babylonian exile and became a universal Jewish theme after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 A.D† (Wolffsohn, 1993, p. 5). In the last quarter of the 19th century Jews in Europe were generally treated as second-class citizens particularly in Eastern European countries. They were increasingly being subjected to persistent oppressions such as the series of state organized persecution of Jews in Russia during 1881. These actions caused many Jewish populations to begin plans for their escape back to their ancestral holy lands (Taylor & Francis Group, 1983, p. 468). In the 1880s, European Jews immigrated to Palestine to escape the pogrom, the massacre of Jews in Russia and Poland. In 1896, Theodore Herzl began the Zionist movement incorporating support from Jewish idealists in order to create a homela nd for Jews. He felt that Jews always had been and always would be victimized and could effectively make a collective stand against oppression only by creating their own nation. He stated, â€Å"We shall create in Palestine an outpost against Asia. We shall be the vanguard of the civilized world against barbarism† (Abrahams,

Food Is More Than What We Eat Essay Example for Free

Food Is More Than What We Eat Essay The food we consume everyday has more to it than a source of fuel and part of our human essentials. Though we may not realise, food plays a part of many people’s culture, religion and even employment, where food plays a significant role in their everyday lives. Today, food serves a fairly major role in our society. Due to globalisation and other global factors, there has now been a mix and harmonious diversity in cultures around the world and food is one of the main evidence of that. This can just be seen by walking to your local stores where there are at least two or more food stores/ restaurants from different cultures. This is particularly evident in Australia, as immigrants from across the globe bring with them to Australia their cultures, beliefs and lifestyles to their new homes- with food being one of them. Many of these different cultures are now welcomed, accepted and shared, which provides employment for many people. This is not only evident in the Western continents, but many other Asian countries, where you would see many restaurants, snacks stores and street stores. Food is also used to distinguish the ‘classes of certain groups and/or areas. For example, in the city where there are more higher classed people, majority of the restaurants and cuisines tend to be a lot more expensive than those in the outer suburban areas. The functions of food in cultures vary between cultures, but majority of the time plays a significant role. There are different beliefs and morals, religious and food rules/ etiquettes that are associated with food of different cultures. An example of a food belief/moral would be in China noodles represent longevity, therefore it should not to be broken off or bitten off but put all into your mouth to chew to swallow. Food has not only been applied in beliefs and morals, but also religion. This can be seen in the Buddhism, where vegetarian dietary is preferred for serious believers. Sometimes food etiquette is incorporated into the religious side of food. For example in China it is considered extremely rude and impolite to stick your chopsticks upright in your rice as it is how it appears in funerals and is disrespectful to the elderly. The use of food in traditions and celebrations is another way to show how food has a deeper meaning that being sustenance. Traditions vary between cultures, but even families and individuals. Everyone has their own ‘style’ that they live with and pass on to their family who if they decide to continue the tradition passes on to future generations. Some of these traditions in terms of culture can be having rice has your main staple for most Asian cultures, while in Australia they have many different staples ranging from bread to grain foods. Food is also a big role player in celebrations. Many cultures have special foods that are only eaten or mostly eaten on certain days or events. For example in China on Chinese New Year, moon cakes are eaten, while in Australia, citizens have BBQs on Australia Day and eat ANZAC biscuits on ANZAC day. Food has also been a reason for unity of people. People like to eat whether it is at home or in restaurants in groups, where they not only enjoy the food together but can also start up conversations. For some families during dinner time may be the only time where they sit together and talk about their day. On a larger scale, food and global factors has allowed people of different backgrounds and cultures to accept and understand each other’s cultures. As previously mentioned, where we can now have food that are not from your culture. Because of food being eaten by many cultures, there are modifications to some foods so that more people can eat them. For example, there are now many vegetarian foods such as vegetarian pies and noodles for people with vegetarian diets.

Risk Assessment And Treatment Of Paedophiles Criminology Essay

Risk Assessment And Treatment Of Paedophiles Criminology Essay An essential aspect of dealing with paedophiles, for the government and the public as well, is risk assessment. This means calculating the probability of the occurrence of a harmful behavior and its impact on the target and all that will be affected (Kemshall, 2001). The assessment is based in observing and evaluating the factors that are indicators of the likeliness of offending or re offending as well as those propensities that endure in known or probable offenders. There are two approaches to risk assessment: the actuarial, a statistical calculation of probabilities, and the clinical, based on the observation of factors that proved to have resulted in sex offences. Actuarial methods The most well established scales of actuarial tools are: The Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offence Recidivism (RRASOR) Static 99 The Risk Matrix 2000 (RM 2000) and The Sex Offence Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG). The RRASOR (Grubin, 1998) comprises of the evaluation of prior sexual arrests age targeting male victims relation of the victims to the offender. RRASOR succeeds in identifying large groups of low risk offenders with low probability of recidivism and small groups of high risk offenders with high probability of recidivism. Static 99 is a combination of RRASOR and SACJ and considers static risk factors. It has a strong validity for male sex offenders who have been already served in prison. The items of Static 99 are: male victims never married offences that didnt involve contact victims that are unrelated victims that are strangers other sex offences other than sexual current types of violence more than 4 sentencing dates age that vary between 18 and 24.9 years. The Prison, Probation and Police Services in England and Wales use the Risk Matrix 2000. Its uniqueness compared to the other tools is that it can be used for whichever type of violence, sexual or non sexual. The RM 2000 has two stages. Stage 1 age at the commencement of risk number of appearances in court for sex offence related issues number of appearances in court for other offences than sexual Evaluation of these factors leads in placement in four groups: low, medium, high or very high risk. Stage 2 history of offences against male victims history of stranger sexual offence victim history of non contact sexual offences lack of long term intimate relationship If any subject has one of these factors, moves up one group on the previous ranking. If all four factors are present, the subject moves two groups upwards. The Sex Offence Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) was developed in Canada by a sample of inmates of a high secure psychiatric hospital. It is used widely to predict violence committed by sexual offenders but it is also quite popular on non psychiatric offenders. It comprises of 14 items: living with biological parents until the age of 16 maladjustment in elementary school history of alcohol related problems evidence of sustained intimate relationship criminal activity with absence of violence criminal activity with violence prior convictions regarding sexual offences convicted sexual offences against girls under 14 years failure in achieving conditional release age at index offence personality disorder criteria from DSM-III are met schizophrenia criteria from DSM III are met evident deviant sexual preferences evident psychopathy. Clinical methods Clinical methods are conducted in psychiatric hospitals by interviewing and evaluating the responses of known sex offenders. They are not considered as reliable as the actuarial methods, yet they can provide structured behavioural rating scales as aid to the actuarial tools (Kemshall, 2001). Clinical methods can estimate successfully the impact of environmental factors on harmful behavior. Clinical methods can be categorized in unstructured and structured methods (Shaw, 2011). The psychoanalytic approach proposed by the unstructured model relies heavily on the human factor and so, it is considered to be outdated and highly subjective. On the other hand, the structured models are well respected and, subsequently, used as they combine psychoanalysis with statistical tools. The structured clinical methods that are most frequently used are: Psychopathy Checklist Revised (RCL-R) Historical, Clinical, Risk 20 (HCR 20) Sexual Violence Risk 20 (SVR 20) Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY). Managing risk In order to manage the risk posed to society by sex offenders there have been established agencies all over the United Kingdom. For risk management to e effective there has to be a solid information base and strong coordination between all the participants involved in the task of control and prevention of sex offences. It is an ongoing procedure that must be kept up to speed with the developments, apply new strategies and measure the efficacy of the actions taken. In Scotland the Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) has been established since the Management of Offenders Act 2005. The aim of MAPPA is to aid the work of criminal justice organizations in association with social services, so as they can reduce the acts of sex offenders and prevent recidivism of know offenders (MAPPA Annual Report 2009/2010). In England and Wales the Probation Service uses the Offender Assessment System to estimate the likelihood of re offending and re conviction. The Offender Assessment System uses the gathered information to alert the Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). MAPPA was established under the umbrella of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 Treatment of paedophiles Since the causes of paedophilia are yet unknown, it is a difficult task to determine the right course of treatment. At the moment, as there is no cohesive approach for the definition of paedophilia or its causes, there is a lack of the necessary consistency to the corresponding actions in regard of treating paedophiles as well. It is open to debate whether paedophiles exhibit mental disorder and if they are in need of treatment or their actions are of a sane person and are in need of punishment (Gordon Grubin, 2004). However, the main common goal for all the approaches of treatment is to reduce the danger of recidivism (Perkins et al, 1998). Treatment of paedophiles has changed its course many times over the years. The surgical castration(Perkins et al, 1998) that was used as a means of treating paedophiles and other convicted sex offenders, was abandoned by the 70s (Gordon Grubin, 2004), as hormonal therapy was gaining ground. Hormonal treatment included giving oestrogens but had high rates of side effects, such as thrombosis of carcinogenesis. Oestrogens gave their place to cyproterone acetate and medroxy progesterone acetate (Gordon Grubin, 2004). The drug treatment managed to reduce recidivism as only 15% of the users relapsed as opposed to the 68% of the non users (Perkins et al, 1998).Currently, dynamic psychotherapy is widely used for sex offenders (Gordon Grubin, 2004). The first step towards treatment is for the sex offenders to admit to their guilt. This is important as the treatment will try to persuade the offender to understand and empathize with the victim, while the psychological and physiological characteristics of paedophilia will be quelled. However, those who do not admit guilt can still be included in the treatment, although it will be an even more demanding task. At the same time, monitoring high risk factors and using a support system can avert re offending behavior (Hanson Harris, 2000). Most of the attempts in treating paedophiles involve the restoration of the cognitive process. The distortion of cognition is considered to be a coping mechanism, that the offenders tend to develop before or after they offend (Sheldon Howitt, 2007). The cognitive behavioural therapy is used to help paedophiles find a way to avoid sexual arousal from abnormal situations (Perkins et al, 1998). What is necessary for those who provide the treatment is to understand that each individual sex offender has different treatment needs and that a combined methods approach is more likely to be successful. The Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP) is a well established programmed of treatment for sex offenders and is widely used around the world. It is being managed by the Prison Offending Behaviour Programmes Unit and has been developed by the British Prison Service. The most significant criteria, SOTP is based upon, are application of treatment methods that have proved to be effective, an empirically based model and treatment in accordance to the severity of each case (Perkins et al, 1998). Reintegration of Paedophiles Although still in a small scale, there have been schemes towards reintegrating released paedophiles. Starting by forming and application in Canada and the United States, schemes, such as the Stop It Now Program, started to be applied also in the United Kingdom and Ireland (McAlinden, 2006). The Stop It Now Program offers a professional assistance to those who have offended, those who are close to offending and those who suspect that there has been foul play in their environment. The most widely used program in reintegration of sex offenders is the Circles of Support and Accountability that has been running in England for a few years. In this program the offender is the core of a circle of volunteers. These volunteers help the offender in solving practical job and boarding related issues. At the same time they hold the offender accountable for his actions and behavior in general, while at the time they are obligated to report any suspicion of re offending to the authorities. Although the pilots are ready to be executed, they are not yet active. In some areas the difficulties lay in funding the project and in other cases it is extremely difficult to find volunteers (Armstrong et al, 2008). Due to the obstacles these schemes keep finding suggestions are made that the particular programs or other initiatives could work under the umbrella of inter agency risk assessment and management procedures (McAlinden, 2006). In addition to the pre existing policies, this kind of schemes can help the goal of making re integration more effective. Public disclosure High profile cases, such as the Sarah Payne abduction and murder by a known paedophile, resulted in the name and shame campaign from the media and especially the News of the World. The campaign started with the initiative of the newspaper (Moyes, 2000), promoting the naming of all convicted paedophiles, and received much attention from the public and the authorities as well. The publics wishes, accentuated by the media pressure, for disclosure for all sex offenders were met by the government to a pilot scheme where anyone could report someone else with access without supervision to their child. The scheme was implemented by Home Office in 2009 in four police areas in England and one area in Scotland and by 2010 it was set to run nationally. However, as other schemes, it didnt find the anticipated participation (Kemshall et al, 2010), pointing out in a divergence between what the government provided and what the public actually demanded for (Kemsall Weaver, 2012). The reasons for this were multiple. Primarily, the public perceives these kinds of schemes, run through the police, as an increase in policing the everyday life, when they should be assumed by other agencies. Moreover, they are thought as a way to push the responsibility onto the public instead of the proper authorities (McCartan, 2010). It has also been established (McCartan, 2010) that the public views sex offenders as a complex issue, with child sex offenders being the most dangerous, so there is the need of differentiation in disclosure schemes. Publicizing the schemes is an important tool for the successful implementation of them. They are to be explicitly explained to the public so as to be efficient (Kemshall Weaver, 2012). In addition to this, public needs evidence that the schemes are actually beneficiary and result in child protection (Kemshall et al, 2010).

Global Warming Causes And Effects Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay

Global Warming Causes And Effects Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay Global warming is one facet of the broader term climate change. It is the increase in the average temperature of the Earths surface air and oceans from the mid-20th century, and the projected continuation. The Global warming is primarily the consequence of building up greenhouse gases in atmosphere. Emission rates for most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, CO2, have increased 120-fold in the past 140 years. While in the 19th century, emissions were mostly from deforestation and the other land use changes, now they are predominantly from burning fossil fuels. As CO2 in the atmosphere has the lifetime of more than a century, the historic emissions play most important role as compared to the current concentrations in atmosphere. Increase in Global Temperature. Most of the increase in global temperatures since the mid-twentieth century are very likely due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases via enhanced greenhouse effect. The natural phenomena such as the solar variation combined with the volcanoes had a small warming effect since pre-industrial times to 1950 and small cooling effect from 1950 onwards. The Climate model projections summarized by IPCC indicate that the average global surface temperature would likely rise a further 1.2 to 6.4  Ã‚ °C (2.0 to 11.6  Ã‚ °F) during the twenty-first century. Role of Industrialisation. In the past 200 years, Europe, North America, and former Soviet Union, currently having only 20 percent of worlds population, have contributed in more than 85 percent of CO2 emissions. Direct product of industrialisation, emissions now is 7 billion tons of the carbon a year, or around one ton of carbon per head of worlds population. Emissions are very uneven. The per-capita North American emissions are 17 times those of Africa, ten times those of Asia and 2.4 times those of Europe. The Low gasoline prices and pervasive automobile culture in United States ensure that CO2 output, already highest in the world, is rising, while levels in Europe are stable or falling. Disparity in Emissions. Everyone is indeed responsible in some way or another but the largest contributors are developed nations. Today, developed countries like the United States, Germany, Japan and many others with only 26 percent of the Globes population, are responsible for more than 70 percent of accumulated green house gas pollution in atmosphere. If we take a global average, then each person on planet is responsible for emission of approx 6000 kg of GHG emissions every year. In the developed countries, it is 14,000 kg per person. USA tops the list with 24,000 kg per person, and at bottom of the list comes Chad with 30 kg per person. Causes Climatic Equilibrium. Earths climate changes in response, to external forcing, include variations in its orbit around the Sun, changes in the solar luminosity, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and volcanic eruptions. Detailed causes of the warming remain active field of research, although the scientific consensus is that increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases by human activity caused most of warming observed since start of industrial era. None of these effects of forcing are instantaneous. The thermal inertia of the Earths oceans and very slow responses of the other indirect effects mean that Earths current climate is surely not in equilibrium with forcing imposed. The Climate commitment studies indicate that even if the greenhouse gases were stabilized on 2000 levels, a further warming of approximately 0.5  Ã‚ °C (0.9  Ã‚ °F) will still occur. Natural. The natural causes that contribute to global warming are as follows:- Change in suns energy output. Volcanoes. Water vapour. Cloud cover. However these natural causes have been regularly countered by the natural process of degeneration and Earths temperature has been varying within a fixed margin for last hundreds of years. Human Activity. From old times people suspected that the human activity could change climate. For example, in 19th century many Americans did believe that cutting down forests would bring more rainfall to a region. Amongst the mainstream scientific community, there is no doubt that Earth is warming, and increasing evidence shows that the humans have a significant part in it. Greenhouse Phenomenon The major reason of global warming is the emission of the green house gases like methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide etc into atmosphere. The gases in atmosphere like carbon dioxide, water vapour, tropospheric ozone, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), methane and nitrous oxide trap energy from sun. Without these gases, heat will escape back into the space and Earths average temperature will be about 60 °F colder. So absorbing and reflecting infrared waves being radiated by Earth, the gases conserve heat as glass in a greenhouse works and are thus called as greenhouse gases. Source of Gases. Methane is a much more effective greenhouse gas than CO2, but the concentration is much smaller, and total radiative forcing is only about one fourth of that from the carbon dioxide. Some other naturally occurring gases contribute small fractions of the greenhouse effect; one of these, nitrous oxide (N2O), is increasing in concentration owing to human activity such as agriculture. Carbon Dioxide. It is the major source of power plants. These power plants emit large quantity of carbon dioxide produced by burning the fossil fuels for generation of electricity. About twenty one percent of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from burning of gasoline in the engines of the vehicles. Methane. Methane is more than 20 times as effectual as CO2 at entrapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane is obtained from resources such as bovine flatulence ,rice paddies, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel manufacture. When fields are flooded, anaerobic situation build up and the organic matter in the soil decays, releasing methane to the atmosphere. Nitrous Oxide. Main sources of nitrous oxide are nylon and nitric acid, the cars with catalytic converters, use of fertilizers in agriculture and burning organic matter. Effect. The greenhouse effect is important. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. Present atmospheric concentration of CO2 is about 390 parts per million (ppm) in volume. Future levels are expected to increase due to ongoing burning of the fossil fuels and land-use change. The rate of increase will depend on uncertain sociological, economic, natural , and technological developments, but may be ultimately limited by the availability of fossil fuels. Deforestation. Another cause of global warming is deforestation that is caused by cutting and burning of forests for the purpose of residence and industrialization. Solar Variation. A varying hypothesis is that the variations in solar output, possibly being amplified by cloud seeding by galactic cosmic rays, would have contributed to recent warming. It is suggested that magnetic activity of the sun is a very crucial factor which deflects the cosmic rays that influencing the generation of cloud condensation nuclei and therefore affect the climate. Effects Of Global Warming The effects of global warming are very large in number and still there are so many that are still to be found out. But recently the problems have become visible and evident because of happening of events that were before only talked off. Although it may be difficult to connect weather events to global warming, a rise in global temperatures may therefore cause following major changes:- Glacial Retreat and Arctic Shrinkage. As an effect of global warming the glaciers are retreating at an alarming rate and changing the entire environment of the mountains. This will bring about the most intense climatic changes and alteration in the habitat. There will be a considerable increase in the water level of oceans and seas as a result of melting of glaciers. Rise in Sea Level. Worldwide sea level rise of 180 to 590 millimetres (0.59 to 1.9  ft) in 2090-2100 relative to 1980-1999. This increase in level of seas and oceans will engulf land at the coastal areas and some low lying countries may even become submerged. Extreme Weather Conditions. Changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation may result in flooding and drought. Floods in the areas without the flood history, is not very common. There are droughts in various places, having good rainfall earlier. Atmosphere gets suddenly very rough in the terms of thunderstorms and cyclones. In the future there are rapid temperature changes expected to occur which will affect length of the seasons. Winters will be quite short. This will indeed imbalance the ecosystem and will therefore effect greatly the attitudinal behavior of the the animals and birds. Vegetation. Another major effect of global warming would be on the vegetation that is present on the earth surface. Tundra type of vegetation would turn to temperate, and evergreen type of forest. Woody plant population may tend to increase, as a result of rise in precipitation. There would be a dramatic change in all the type of vegetations available in the areas, which will in turn impact the inhabitation of area. Wild Life. Various species are on the verge of extinction due to global warming. Major changes are often seen in the animals as they do react to the warmer environment, which are effected due to global warming. A behavior pattern of these animals when studied shows that animals are beginning to shift their major population towards north, or towards a higher altitudes. (f) Marine Life. The marine life is undoutedly very sensitive to the rise in temperatures. The effect of global warming will surely be seen on many species in the water. As a result many species will die off, or go extinct due to the rise in the temperatures of water, whereas many other species, which prefer the warmer waters, will be on increase tremendously. Perhaps the most annoying changes are expected in coral reefs that are expected to now die off as an effect of the global warming. Due to the melting of polar ice the life cycle is getting disturbed and this leads to death of many an animal. Increase in Diseases. Lately, as an effect of the global warming various new diseases have emerged. These diseases are occurring frequently due to the increase in earths average temperature since the bacteria can survive easily in elevated temperatures and multiply faster when the conditions become favorable. Due to global warming, the distribution of mosquitoes is being extended owing to the increase in humidity levels and so their frequent growth in the warmer atmosphere. Various diseases are expected due to Ebola, Hanta and Machupo virus owing to warmer climates. The global warming is sure to cause irreversible changes in ecosystem and the behaviour of animals. Other Effects. These include changes in the agricultural yields, reduced summer stream flows and, addition of new trade routes, possible slowing of thermohaline circulation, resultant reductions in the ozone layer and the lowering of ocean pH. (j) Extinction of Plants and Animals. According to an international study a quarter of land animals and plants may become extinct if global warming continues unchecked. The study reveals that as the earth hots up, all species may not be able to physically migrate to new locations. This will lead to smaller habitats for far fewer species. Rare and endangered species will generally move closer to extinction. (k) Damage to the Natural Environment. Glaciers, coral reefs and atolls, mangrove swamp, tropical forests, polar and alpine grasslands are likely to undergo significant damage. (l) Shortage of Water. Water shortage, which affects approximately 1.7 billion people today, will affect 5.4 billion people in 25 years, according to a study. (m) Effect on Food Supplies. Food supplies are likely to be affected with grain yields falling across Africa and deserts spreading. Yields are likely to fall in Asia too and subsistence farming in Latin America will be damaged. (n) Loss of Human Life. According to the study more than 160,000 people die globally ever year due to the side effects of climate change. Heat waves are likely to kill more people, particularly among the elderly and urban population. (o) Floods and Droughts. As global warming increases the frequency of rapid precipitation, protracted droughts and floods will increase. There will be heavier rainfall across northern Europe- increasing the risk of floods- and lower rainfall over northern Africa and Australia. (p) Disrupted Energy Demand Patterns. Global warming would result in hotter and drier summers, decrease in the soil moisture, coastal erosion, lower the snowfall, ,increased flooding, and disrupted energy demand patterns . 13. Effects on India. The assessed India specific effects are as under :- (a) Decreased snow cover, affecting snow-fed and glacial systems such as the Ganges and Bramhaputra. 70% of the summer flow of the Ganges comes from meltwater Erratic monsoon with serious effects on rain-fed agriculture, peninsular rivers, water and power supply. Drop in wheat production by 4-5 million tones, with even a 1 °C rise in temperature, (d) Increased frequency and intensity of floods. Increased vulnerability of people in coastal, arid and semi-arid zones of the country (e) Studies indicate that over 50% of Indias forests are likely to experience shift in forest types, adversely impacting associated biodiversity, regional climate dynamics as well as livelihoods based on forest products. (f) According to Head of the IPCC, Dr. R.K. Pachauri, the climate change could adversely affect India. By 2100, higher sea-level on the eastern coast could lead to the disappearance of Sunderbans. (g) In India, the region most vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise is the low-lying coral atolls of the Lakshadweep archipelago. (h) Experts feel that the Indian coast is more vulnerable to storm surge than the West coast. Nearly one-third of the human population living within 60 kilometers of the coast could be lost due to the rise in sea level. (j) Glaciers are receding at a faster rate in India. Researchers have found that the Gangotri glacier which feeds the Ganges is retreating at a faster rate than before. The melting of Himalayan glaciers would adversely impact 500 million people residing on the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins. As glaciers are frozen reservoirs of water, their melting would lead to a decrease in water, affecting drinking water supply, irrigation and hydropower. (k) There would be precipitation changes all over India, weather would be more erratic and post monsoon rainfall would become uncertain, according to Dr. Pachauri. (l) According to Prof. M.S. Swaminathan, the ecological and economic damage arising out of global warming would have an adverse impact on agriculture, which was the mainstay of the country. The erratic weather could cause damage to crop patterns leading to an adverse impact on food security. (m) The IPCC report has estimated that India could bear a huge loss of bio-diversity because of greater greenhouse emissions.

Essay --

Introduction of Clinical Question In a normal brain neurons in the substantia nigra produce a chemical called dopamine that acts to control motor functions. In a person with Parkinson’s disease, there is insufficient dopamine and motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, problems with balance and bradykinesia can occur. According to the National Parkinson Foundation, four to six million people worldwide are estimated to have Parkinson’s Disease. In the United States alone, the incidence is estimated at fifty to sixty thousand new cases diagnosed each year. Additionally, the Center for Disease Control puts complications from Parkinson’s disease as the 14th leading cause of death. While there is no cure, the symptoms can be controlled with medications and surgery. [6] A 2011 German cross sectional study revealed that people with Parkinson’s Disease had poorer oral health. They were found to have more caries, tooth mobility, gingival recession and periodontal pocketing than the control cohort. Additionally, the group with Parkinson’s disease reported less frequent tooth brushing and dental visits, and exhibited reduced salivary flow. [4]. Supporting this, a separate Japanese study showed more untreated caries and deeper periodontal pockets, leading to fewer natural teeth in persons with Parkinson’s Disease [2]. There is a significant population with Parkinson’s Disease, a condition that has been shown to have a negative impact on oral health. Increased caries and periodontal problems can lead to tooth loss and edentulism, a condition treatable with traditional or implant retained overdentures. Patient RM is a male with Parkinson’s disease. He is partially edentulous with six maxillary teeth and two mandibular teeth. ... ...100. [2] Hanaoka A, Kashihara K. Increased frequencies of caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2009; 16: 1279-1282. [3] Heckmann SM, Heckmann JG, Weber H-P. Clinical outcomes of three Parkinson’s disease patients treated with mandibular implant ovedentures. Clin Oral Impl Res. 2000; 11: 566-571. [4] Muller T, Palluch R, Jackowski J. Caries and periodontal disease in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Spec Care Dentist. 2011; 31(5): 178-181. [5] Packer M, Nikitin V, Coward T, Davis D, Fiske J. The potential benefits of dental implants on the oral health quality of life of people with Parkinson’s disease. Gerodontology. 2009; 26: 11-18. [6] Welcome to Parkinson.org [Internet]. Miami (FL): National Parkinson Foundation; 2014 [cited 2014 Mar 7]. Available from: http://www.parkinson.org/.

Employee Empowerment Essay -- Business, Organizational Development

Introduction Currently organizations are facing with an increasingly competitive global business climate. That pressurizes organizations to develop policies to enhance workplace commitment on the one hand, and leads employees to develop their skills on being spiritual by considering the goods of their organizations and leader/managers on the other by keeping themselves away from being involved in counterproductive work practices. Organizational commitment has been defined in number of different ways that have evolved throughout the years. Popular definitions have been proposed by Becker (1960) and Porter et al. (1974). Becker (1960) defined organizational commitment as a â€Å"tendency to engage in consistent lines of activity as the perceived cost of doing otherwise is greater† while Porter et al. (1974) described it as â€Å"the strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in a particular organization.† Allen and Mayer, 1990, (p.14) defined â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.A psychological state that binds the individual to the organization (i.e., makes turnover less likely)†. People having high level of organizational commitment are supposed to be highly productive at work with a superior wisdom of duty and devotion (Ulrich, 1998) Organiatioanl commitment of individuals is one of the major concern for today’s HR mangers based on the strategic assosiation between Organiztioanl commitment and employee performance. Organizatioanl commitment is a complicated phnoemenan as it relies upon different factors for individuals at different hierachal level of the organization. It is therefore important for the mangers of an enterprise to cope with this challenge strategically. Allen and Meyer (1990) suggest that commitment can take three different forms... ...econd part explicitly describes the scheme of research methods, including data collection, measurements, and statistics. The third part gives the analysis results of the present study and corresponding discussion with some of the reasons and explanations. The final part concludes the findings of the study and points both theoretical and managerial contributions, and presents suggestions for future research and the limitations of the study. De-Limitations of the Study As all the variables of present study are directly related with human behavior and discovering human behavior is one of the complex tasks for HR manager. Highly competitive and turbulent upbringings in the business industry may restrict this study to generalize the consequences. Respondents usually do not response with full attention towards it. Time and cost is another limitation for this study. Employee Empowerment Essay -- Business, Organizational Development Introduction Currently organizations are facing with an increasingly competitive global business climate. That pressurizes organizations to develop policies to enhance workplace commitment on the one hand, and leads employees to develop their skills on being spiritual by considering the goods of their organizations and leader/managers on the other by keeping themselves away from being involved in counterproductive work practices. Organizational commitment has been defined in number of different ways that have evolved throughout the years. Popular definitions have been proposed by Becker (1960) and Porter et al. (1974). Becker (1960) defined organizational commitment as a â€Å"tendency to engage in consistent lines of activity as the perceived cost of doing otherwise is greater† while Porter et al. (1974) described it as â€Å"the strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in a particular organization.† Allen and Mayer, 1990, (p.14) defined â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.A psychological state that binds the individual to the organization (i.e., makes turnover less likely)†. People having high level of organizational commitment are supposed to be highly productive at work with a superior wisdom of duty and devotion (Ulrich, 1998) Organiatioanl commitment of individuals is one of the major concern for today’s HR mangers based on the strategic assosiation between Organiztioanl commitment and employee performance. Organizatioanl commitment is a complicated phnoemenan as it relies upon different factors for individuals at different hierachal level of the organization. It is therefore important for the mangers of an enterprise to cope with this challenge strategically. Allen and Meyer (1990) suggest that commitment can take three different forms... ...econd part explicitly describes the scheme of research methods, including data collection, measurements, and statistics. The third part gives the analysis results of the present study and corresponding discussion with some of the reasons and explanations. The final part concludes the findings of the study and points both theoretical and managerial contributions, and presents suggestions for future research and the limitations of the study. De-Limitations of the Study As all the variables of present study are directly related with human behavior and discovering human behavior is one of the complex tasks for HR manager. Highly competitive and turbulent upbringings in the business industry may restrict this study to generalize the consequences. Respondents usually do not response with full attention towards it. Time and cost is another limitation for this study.

Rappaccinis Daughter Essay: Allegory of the Garden of Eden

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the literal sense, Nathaniel Hawthorn's Rappaccini's Daughter is the story about the rivalry between two scientists that ultimately causes the destruction of an innocent young woman. However, when the story is examined on a symbolic level, the reader sees that Rappaccini's Daughter is an allegorical reenactment of the original fall from innocence and purity in the Garden of Eden. Rappaccini's garden sets the stage of this allegory, while the characters of the story each represent the important figures from the Genesis account. Through the literary devices of poetic and descriptive diction, Nathaniel Hawthorne conveys the symbolism of these characters, as well as the setting. The story takes place in mid-nineteenth century in Padua, Italy and revolves around two major settings; the mansion of an old Paduan family, and Rappaccini's lush garden. The mansion is described as, "high and gloomy†¦the palace of a Paduan noble†¦ desolate and ill-furnished†¦" This description establishes a dark mood throughout the story. Hawthorne writes, "One of the ancestors of this family†¦had been pictured by Dante as a partaker of the immortal agonies of his Inferno†¦" The allusion of Dante refers to The Divine Comedy and the Inferno describes the souls in Hell. Furthermore, Baglioni converses with Giovanni in this mansion chamber and tries to manipulate him in his attempt to destroy Rappaccini. In a sense, the dark and gloomy mansion symbolizes the domain of evil. The second major setting is the garden. The author uses poetic diction to describe Rappaccini's garden. Hawthorne writes, "There was one shrub in particular†¦that bore a profusion of purple blossoms, each of which had the luster and richness of a gem†¦seemed enough to illuminate th... ...ce 35 (1989): 43-69. Male, Roy R. Hawthorne's Tragic Vision. Austin: Texas University Press, 1957. Marder, Daniel. Exiles at Home: A Story of Literature in Nineteenth Century America. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc., 1984. Norford, Don Parry. "Rappaccini's Garden of Allegory." American Literature 50 (1979): 167-186. Phal, Dennis. Architects of the Abyss: The Indeterminate Fictions of Poe, Hawthorne and Melville. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989. Person, Leland S., Jr. Aesthetic Headaches: Women and Masculine Poetics in Poe, Melville and Hawthorne. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988. Shurr, William H. Rappaccini's Children: American Writers in a Calvinist World. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1981. Waggoner, Hyatt H. Hawthorne: A Critical Study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955.  Ã‚     

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

[pic] OBSTETRICS POSTING CASE WRITE-UP PREGNANCY INDUCE HYPERTENSION Name: Muhammad Azraie B. Mat Ali Matrix Number: 1090265 Patient Identification Name: Nur Asilah Bt. Johari Age: 23 year old Race: Malay Sex: Female Address: Taman Raja Abdullah Occupation: Student D. O. A. : 13 March 2013 I/C: 900208035442 LMP: 27 June 2012 – sure of date – not on breast feeding – not on contraceptive – regular menses POA: 37/52 EDD: 4 April 2013 Chief Complaint(s) This is a referred case from Klinik Kesihatan Jalan Raja Abdullah for high blood pressure during regular ante-natal check-up for 1 day duration.History Of Presenting Illness Patient was apparently well until 1 day ago when she was diagnosed to have high blood pressure during her regular antenatal check-up at Klinik Kesihatan Jalan Raja Abdullah. She was normotensive throughout the antenatal check-up before until yesterday when the doctor noticed that her blood pressure was high which was 170/100 mmHg for three time consecutively. She denied of having an essential hypertension before and no positive family history of hypertension.On further questioning, she had headache, otherwise she not had any sign and symtoms of impending eclampsia such as blurring of vision, vomiting, epigastric pain and syncope prior to the admission. She claimed the first episode of headache was during last antenatal check up where she was diagnosed to have high blood pressure. History Of Presenting Pregnancy Pregnancy was suspected when she missed her menses for 4/52. It was confirmed by doing urine pregnancy test (UPT) at private clinic. At that time, no early ultrasound was done.She claimed that she experienced symptoms of early pregnancy such as nausea, vomiting and headache that last until 20/52 POA. Booking was done during 13/52 POA at Klinik Kesihatan Jalan Raja Abdullah. At that time, blood and urine investigation was done. Her blood pressure at that time was 112/70 mmHg. Blood group was O positive and VDRL was non-reactive. Urine investigations also normal. She attended all the ante-natal clinic regularly and all was uneventful. Symphyseal-fundal height was correspond to the date throughout the check-up.She was also normotensive throughout the visit until the last visit when her blood pressure was rise up. Quickening was felt at 20/52 POA and it was increasing in the frequency and intensity. Past Obstetric History She married in year 2011 at the age of 21 and this is her first pregnancy. Past Gynaecology History She attained menarche at the age of 13. She had a regular menses flow of 5 to 6 days duration with 28 to 30 days per cycle. It peaks on day 2 with no history of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. She denied of having any history of intermenstrual bleed and post-coital bleed.She not practicing any method of contraceptive and no pap smear was done before. Systemic Review Systemic review was unremarkable. She had no heart disease symptoms that can cause by hypertension, no headache, n o nausea and vomiting, and also no blurring of vision. Past Medical and Surgical History This is her first admission to the hospital. There was no history of asthma, essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart disease in this patient. He denied of having any surgical intervention before. Family History All of her siblings were in good health.There was no history of twin or congenital abnormalities in her family. Both of her parents are still alive and in good health. Social And Personal History She live with her husband at Taman Jalan Abdullah. She is a student,and she denied smoking and consume alcohol. Her husband also a student, non smoker and not consume alcohol. Diet And Drug History There was no known drug and food allergies. Summary My patient, a 23 year old lady primigravida at 37/52 POA was admitted due to increased blood pressure during ante-natal check-up which was symptomatic. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION General Examination:The patient was lying supine comfortably suppo rted with one pillow. She was not in pain and not in respiratory distress. She is a medium built woman with clinically adequate nutritional and hydrational status. There was no gross deformity and skin colour changes in this patient. No attachment of iv branula on her limbs. Vital Signs: Blood pressure: 140/88 mmHg Pulse: 96 beats per minute. Regular rhythm and good volume. Temperature: 37oC Respiratory rate: 20 breaths per minute General Systemic Examination: Hand: The palm was warm and moist. The palmar creases was pink/not pale.No palmar erythema. No peripheral cyanosis and clubbing. Head and Neck: No jaundice and the conjunctiva was pink. Oral hygiene was good, no central cyanosis and the tonsil was not injected. Lower Limb: There was no ankle edema. Per Abdomen Examination: The abdomen was distended with gravid uterus as evidence of linea nigra and striae gravidarum. The umbilicus was centrally located and flat. No dilated veins and surgical scar. Abdomen was soft and non-tende r. Clinial fundus correspond to 38 weeks of gestation. Symphyseal-fundal height was 36 cm, which was corresponding to date.It was a singleton baby. Longitudinal lie with cephalic presentation and fetal back was at mother's left. The fetal head was not engaged. Liquor was clinically adequate. Fetal heart sound was heard. Examination Of Other System i. Cardiovascular System – apex beat was located at the left 4th intercostal space, lateral to the mid-clavicular line. – Both heart sound was present, and no additional sound. ii. Respiratory System – Air entry was normal and equal both sided. No additional sound was present. iii. Central Nervous System – All motor and sensory was grossly intact.Reflexes was normal. Summary: The patient, 23 year old primigravida at 37/52 POA, was examined and showed high blood pressure. All the reflexes were normal. Other system was normal. _____________________________________________________________________ Problem List: i. P rimigravida ii. High blood pressure INVESTIGATION 1. Urine Analysis ( 24 Hr Urine Protein ) To look any presence of protein in the urine to exclude pre-eclampsia and to assess the severity of the proteinuria quantitatively. Result : Negative finding. Interpretation : No proteinuria in this patient. 2. Full Blood CountTo assess haemoglobin and platelet count in this patient. Result : WBC9. 79Ãâ€"109/L Hb13. 2g/dL Plt270x109/L Interpretation : All parameters shows no abnormalities. 3. Renal Function Test To assess glomerular and tubular function of the kidney. Result : Sodium135 mmol/L Potassium4. 0 mmol/L Urea3. 0 mmol/L Interpretation : All parameters shows no abnormalities. 4. Liver Function Test To assess the level of aminotransferases and protein level especially albumin level Result : ALP134 ALT11 Bilirubin4 Total protein64 Albumin34 Interpretation : No abnormalities. 5. UltrasoundTo assess fetal condition, look for placenta pathology Result : BPD90. 6 mm36W5D FL64. 0mm37W6D HC 328 mm37W2D EBW2. 40 – 2. 60 kg Placenta : Fundal grade III Interpretation : Normal Amniotic Fluid Index : To assess the amniotic fluid volume ( poly-, normal, or oligohydramnios ) Result : 12. 0 PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS Gestational Hypertension Evidence: †¢ History – increased blood pressure more than 140/90 mmHg during last ANC – occur after gestational age more than 20 weeks – no proteinuria – no history of essential hypertension before †¢ Physical examination & investigation high blood pressure (170/100 mmHg) MANAGEMENT Aim of management : 1. Control the hypertension 2. Monitor the fetus condition by doing fetal kick chart and cardiotocography 3. Don’t allowed postdate 4. A tablet of Aldalat (Nifedipine) 10 mg 3 times daily 5. Daily monitoring of blood pressure for every 4 hours 6. Deliver the baby by induction of labour if more than 35 POA 7. Plenty of bed rest DISCUSSION PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION Definition :- Increase in b lood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation: †¢ BP ? 140/90 mmHg †¢ An ^ in systolic BP ? 30 mmHg over baseline An ^ in diastolic BP ? 15 mmHg over baseline BP measurement : Taken at least 6 hours apart with the patient at rest PIH can be divided into : †¢ Pre-eclampsia – mild, severe †¢ Gestational HPT †¢ Eclampsia As we received a pregnant woman with a high blood pressure during ante-natal check-up, we should bare in mind that one of the possible causes of it is Pregnancy Induced Pregnancy (PIH). In this case, full history of the patient should be taken including full obstetric history, signs and symptoms of heart disease, liver disease and renal disease to exclude any possibility of ssential hypertension and also signs and symptoms of impending eclampsia. As in this patient, there was no history of essential hypertension or family history of hypertension, and the high blood pressure was only discovered during ante-natal check-up at late pregnancy whi ch is at 37 weeks POA. She was diagnosed to have Pregnancy Induced Hypertension which are mild in severity because the blood pressure was maintained around 170/100 mmHg on subsequent ante-natal visit. She was not diagnosed to have pre-eclampsia because no proteinuria.Several investigation was done in this patient to look for any complication of pregnancy induced hypertension in the mother and the fetus. All parameters of the investigation show no abnormalities. It is because the hypertension is mild in severity and it occurs quite late in the pregnancy which make the complication difficult to arise. Complications of hypertension in pregnancy There are several complication that can occur in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Maternal :- †¢ Cerebral haemorrhage †¢ Heart failure †¢ Hepatic necrosis Acute tubular necrosis of the kidney Placental :- †¢ Placental insufficiency †¢ Abruptio placenta †¢ Oligohydramnios Fetus :- †¢ Intrauterine growth retardati on Drugs that can be used in pregnancy 1. Methyldopa (Aldomet) †¢ It is a central adrenergic inhibitor †¢ Action: v symphatetic activity, v total peripheral resistance †¢ Adverse effect : lethargy, drowsiness †¢ It is the safest drug in pregnancy 2. Labetolol (Trandet) †¢ ? /? adrenergic blocker †¢ Action : v total peripheral resistance, v cardiac output †¢ Adverse effect : fetal bradycardia, IUGR Contra-indication : 1st degree heart block, severe asthma 3. Nifedipine (Adalet) †¢ Calcium channel blocker †¢ Action : inhibit calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle †¢ Adverse effect : headache, reflux tachycardia, flushing 4. Hydralazine †¢ Peripheral vasodilator †¢ Action : direct action on vascular smooth muscle, v TPR †¢ Adverse effect : headache, sweating, nausea, palpitation †¢ Indication of use : in hypertension crisis In the ward, the blood pressure of the patient was controlled by given her good bed rest and daily monitoring of blood pressure.Other than that, the fetus condition monitored by doing cardiotocography (CTG). She also planned to have induction of labour. Indications for labour in this patient The indications for labour in this patient are :- i. She is at term ii. Delivery of the baby is the only treatment to bring down the blood pressure in pregnancy induced hypertension Risks of induction of labour 1. Failed induction – indicates that the attempt to induce labour has failed to result in full dilatation of the cervix. 2. Uterine hyperstimulation – which can cause fetal distress and uterine rupture

Business books have changed Essay

One of the more concrete evidences that businesses have changed is the way business books were written. Authors of books update themselves on current business trends, and often include new knowledge that can help the businessmen improve their craft and industries. The latest addition to business books by the turn of the 20th century is the wide discussion of technology and technological innovations. This aimed at educating then-businessmen about the digital revolution who, chances are, have not been formally trained yet on the new innovations. (Craiger JP 2006). This change in business books directly affects the way in which business people served their workplaces. They were refreshed and fed with new information that helped them go a step higher into their management. In turn, they helped move up the companies which they serve. The generation of new information enforced an equally new generation of managers, employees, and business movers that changed the face of businesses. Cost-efficiency paved the way for technology Another change in organizations brought about by technology is in the financial aspect. Businesses started to adopt newer technology and bought sophisticated machines because it lowered production costs. Computers, for one, are so effective and efficient that it allowed computation, clerical work, bookkeeping, and other functions to be done by one person—the computer operator—which proved to be more cost-effective rather than hiring three or more persons to manually do the work separately. (Craiger JP 2006) This is true even if in fact computers, when the digital revolution is just starting, costs thousands or even hundreds of thousands for companies to invest on. Companies were thinking long-term. Comparisons between paying different people for different jobs or paying one person to operate a machine which can do different jobs proved that the latter will benefit the organizations more. Despite the high costs the promise of productivity, accuracy, and efficiency was too hard for capitalists to resist, plus the fact that the use of technology brings prestige to the company. Thus, technology and business became an inseparable pair. More sensitivity to customers Different organizations receive and use technology differently. For news organizations such as the CNN, technology is widely of the essence than anything else. But the use of technology in CNN is not a corporate decision alone. As successful media outfits would say, it is still consumer-dependent after all. Because consumers want to get services conveniently, in a way that is readily accessible to them, organizations like CNN subscribe to technological innovations that answer these consumer calls. There is the technology of television, radio, print materials, internet, and even podcasting. These embrace to technology for an industry as old as news is not surprising. The news world, just like any other organizations, is growing more competitive, and companies will need to leverage on these new forms of getting in touch and connecting with the customers, or they will simply lose them. (D’Agostino D, 2006) The interactivity of organizations also gave convenience to customers, and allowed companies to get to know their clients more. Feedback has never been easier. Today, a company can give a telephone number, a toll-free number, an email address, or a fax number to encourage customers to tell them what they think about their product or service. More so, companies can accept orders for their products or inquiries for their services through these innovations as well. The convenience that this brought about is far from the snail-mail feedback system that companies used to have in the pre-digital revolution era. This shows one character change in organizations. Today, companies are more sensitive to the needs and wants of consumers than ever before. With the fast pace in which customers are keeping up with technology, businesses are also on the run to match the speed and not be left behind. In turn, technology also helped company respond to consumer needs and wants more easily. If customers wanted the convenience of getting news from their palm pilots RSS is right at their service. Similarly, when they want information from a product, service, or company without leaving the house, an internet connection is all they need; and when an organization can deliver to this convenience issue they can assure themselves that they are on the right track. Convenience through connectivity Technology is not only for the profit organizations. Even charitable organizations are being benefited by the advent of modern tools and know-how, albeit in simpler ways than their bigger counterparts. Computers and other simple technology allowed charitable institutions to monitor donors, donations, receipt issuances, and find support communities and common causes because of the connectivity that technology brings. (United Press International, 2005) Connectivity also changed the way in which companies and employees communicate. While the isolation of computers and computer operators posed a problem at the onset of technology in companies, the advent of networking allowed for people to get connected and work as teams more easily. Local area networking and internet connectivity allowed for more convenient sharing of information, files, and discussion of projects regardless of their location and time. (Craiger JP 2006) Computer-based trainings also allowed trainers and trainees to undergo sessions without time or geographical constraints. By use of technology in trainings, employees old and new alike are also encouraged subliminally to devote time for learning technological skills to be more productive in their work. (Craiger JP 2006) Another convenience brought about by technology to organizations is the possibility of telecommuting. Thanks to computers and the internet, one can now work from home or from a different location. This also allowed telecommuting employees to go about their other tasks while performing work-related duties, without the time and geographical constraints that normal office work can entail. Work teams One important change that technology brought about is the highlight given on work teams. The connectivity caused by technology allowed employees to exchange and merge ideas, bringing in better ideas that are products of brainstorming. Apart from the benefit it brings to the company, teamwork also encourages goodwill and camaraderie among employees, encouraging them to set themselves into a single goal and work together to achieve this goal for the organization. (Craiger JP 2006) As technology allowed work teams it also allowed for a check and balance in the output of workers. Because employees can give access to their work for others, the time-consuming and money-wasting overlapping and repetitions in jobs done were lessened and even eliminated, saving more resources for employees to devote to other tasks. As an example, in a workplace where there is no technological connectivity one employee-member of a team may have started encoding a document only to find out that another member has already encoded it. This scenario becomes rather unlikely when a company has a structured network where employees can check with files and other employees about work that needs to be done, and those that has already been done. This, in turn, benefited the company more than anything else. The highlight given by technology to the importance of teamwork created a realization for many employees. When on the onset of introducing technology in business the problem was the isolation of the relatively few people who can operate the machines and the isolation of the files in separately stationed machines, networking opened a new frontier where ease of work and interpersonal communication became possible.