One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest And Fahrenheit 451 Essays

One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Fahrenheit 451 The "system" is something that people are always out to change. You see people trying to change it all the time, but few are actually successful at changing the system. The system can be a variety of things. In some cases it is the government, it can be the a boss or basically anything or anyone that has some type of control or authority. For some people fighting the system is their livelihood, their mission in life. They try to change the system because of the corruption, because of unjust actions, because they were a victim of it or to seek the truth. In the novels One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the main characters are out to change the system. Based on the novel by Ken Kesey, it seems that his perspective on this issue is that the system is in dire need of change. Even if you are not successful in changing the system, it is still very effective that you tried and you set an example for others to follow. Kesey also seems to believe that persistence is key when fighting the system. Kesey believes that even if you change a small aspect of the system it was well worth the fight. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, the main character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, fights to change the system in a mental hospital. McMurphy is outgoing, a leader and a rebel. There was a constant power struggle in the novel between the patient's new found savior McMurphy, and the evil Nurse Ratched who rules their wing of the hospital with an iron fist. McMurphy fights to change the system to try to win back the patients' rights and in the process gain more privileges for the patients and himself. McMurphy also seems to get pleasure out of fighting the sy stem. His motives are simple, he wants to help out his fellow patients, his friends, to make their lives better. McMurphy was successful in changing many of the rules and regulations that were imposed upon them by Nurse Ratched. McMurphy was a very inspirational speaker and during the regularly occurring meetings between the patients and the doctors he would rally the patients to fight against Nurse Ratched. Thus he was able to win back some of their rights. McMurphy also uses his cunning wit and his skills as a con man to persuade the doctors into giving the patients more rights and activities. McMurphy is able to con Dr. Spivey to get a room where he and a bunch of other patients can go to play cards without the loud music coming over the intercom. During one of the meetings between the patients and the doctors, you can see how McMurphy has played Dr. Spivey like a fiddle. "You see, McMurphy and I were talking about that age-old problem we have on this ward: the mixed population, the young and the old together. It's not the most ideal surroundings for our Therapeutic Community, but Administration says there's no helping it with the Geriatric Building overloaded the way it is...In our talk, however, McMurphy and I did happen to come up with an idea which might make things more pleasant for both age groups. McMurphy mentioned that he had noticed some of the old fellows seemed to have difficulty hearing the radio. He suggested the speaker be turned up louder so the Chronics with auditory weaknesses could hear it...But I told him I had received previous complaints from some of the younger men that the radio is already do loud it hinders conversations and reading...I agreed with him that it did seem a shame and was ready to drop the matter when I happened to think of the old tub room...We don't use the room at all...So how would a group like to have that ro om as a sort of second day room, a game room, shall we say?" (p.99) This is one of many battles between McMurphy and the system. This one he happened to win, but in real life many fights against the system are lost. Even though McMurphy loses some of his fights,

Amira Sbaa Mand Essays

Amira Sbaa Mand Essays Amira Sbaa Mand Essay Amira Sbaa Mand Essay Once you have read the text, answer the following questions: a)latently and analyses the main problems that you can find in this company The main problems that the company had was a loose organizational structure when the company internationalization. There was a situation where branches of Phillips were working independently as fully functional national units, with their own manufacturing, marketing and distribution system. Another problem was lots of bureaucracy and high inefficiency. The company had a huge workforce but the products were not innovative and the manufacturing costs were high . Philips products were considered by customers as behind the times. This problem came along with the panorama in which Japan new companies were emerging with flashy, competitively priced, and well-made products that would compete with Philips in the market. And the last problem that found, was that Philips, even though it used to make important breakthroughs, was not able to take commercial advantage of them, being hose innovative products copied by competitors in a really short period of time.

Non Profit Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non Profit Reflection - Essay Example The larger organizations are required to present published financial reports showing their income and expenditure in details for the public. Bearing in mind that the non profit organization have workers like board members, committee members and others who ensure there operations, it raises eyebrows on their pay. Some may be volunteers but it has been noted that non profit organization are among well paying jobs. These organizations are funded by donations, grants, from public and other organizations hence drawing down a suitable financial plan is very important. Otherwise the non profit organization could free their activities in jeopardy. The non profit organizations have played a great role in the society in offering very important services. Some of the notable are the Mozilla firefox and American Heart Association among others. Mozilla firefox provides free internet services with close to 20% of internet users who access their services absolutely free, surfing and downloading information. The mozilla firefox management relies on donations to get money for maintaining their systems and protecting users from computer crimes that include harking. Firewall has established security features that help protect user as they are browsing. Another means of assisting the management of Mozilla firefox is that, users (meaning us) distribute the browser, update it and maintain it free of charge, having no experience in this field, is give my full support through donations. Being a frequent user of the internet, I find it necessary to fund the program that help me find important information about dignitaries and other issues I ma y be looking up. Another group of donors who made an impact on the American heart association are; Lockhead Martin Range Rover, and Northrup Grumman. Another style that has been used to help fund non profit organization is through some food retailers who place a certain fraction on the price that goes to organizations like American heart Association. These food retailers have a direct influence on our lives and the mange to obtain our money to assist others who are in need. The American heart Association offers free medical services to people with cardio vascular problems to reduce chances of death and possible disabilities like stroke. Alternatively we may offer support by doing some of the things that have been almost forgotten for example participating in marathon run to raise money for heart foundation or jumping a rope. Such activities usually turn out to be very useful for example the Multiple sclerosis bike ride I did some times back. Many family members, friends, and colleagues were very much corporative and raised a lot of funds. Why Fund Non Profit Organizations I have always wondered why it was expensive to visit a game park or National forest for instance. Giving it a second thought, one realizes that there is a lot of manpower involved in maintaining and landscaping the area, these services need to be paid for. I have leant a lot of things and feel that it's sensible to finance. This also applies to other areas like the zoo as the animals need medical attention, food and housing. Some of the non profit

SWOT Analysis. Advantages and limitations Essay

SWOT Analysis. Advantages and limitations - Essay Example Strengths are the qualities that enable one to achieve the organization’s assignment. Strengths are the beneficial aspects of the organization or the ability of an organization that includes human capabilities, financial resources, products and services. Weaknesses are the qualities that prevent an organization from achieving its goals. Opportunities are the essentials that the organization can adventure to its advantage. They are presented by the environment which an organization is based. Threats are the elements that cause problems for an organization. A threat occurs when an external environment endangers the ability of an organization to maximize profit (Pahl et al, 2009). Strength and weaknesses of the organization There is various strength I exposed in this organization. We have a good management approaches and corporate polices in the organization management system that enables good management process, we own a clinical research center. It is a center of excellence that runs clinical research, we have a highly skilled clinical staff that attends to patients with dignity and courteousness, we have local aids that are willing to participate in the running of the organization, we have a history of a successful open day proceedings with the community that surrounds us, the clinic has a philosophy of honesty, commitment and sharing to increasing patient self-assurance and the patients’ involvement in matters related to the services.... some surgeries and procedures are still too difficult to perform at the organization, for example, complex neuro surgeries which mean that patients have to be referred to a more advanced hospital. Poor location or geographic barriers are another weakness. We have a weakness in getting the potential patients nearby. Due to many specialist hospitals nearby that try to capture same area patients’ sources, the competition is aggressive Opportunity and threats for the external environment factors: Opportunity: Technological- better and advanced medical technology includes a wide variety of healthcare products. This intends to improve the quality of healthcare. Political- change in governmental politics. This can influence the service in that when the government introduces services that are of low tax and insurance products that favor the public this will enable many to run for the opportunities instead of avoiding medical facility due to low affordability rate. Competitive- due to Competitor vulnerabilities we will be able to excel in their areas of weakness thus improve the output level. Regulatory- this can be depicted through lowering of taxes by the government. This will enable the public access the organization products and services with ease. Social- in the social perspective, the population is expected to grow by 2015, the healthcare sector is expected continue to grow. Older age population will increase the demand for healthcare services. The country’s healthcare expenditure is predictable to grow from the current 3% of GDP to 6% of GDP by 2015. With the rising household income and improved life quality, the organization may benefit by capture this business segment opportunities. Economic- the organization can expand to other locations to serve more population

Management accounting and control (5-8) Coursework

Management accounting and control (5-8) - Coursework Example In this context we can comfortably say that knowledge and insights from budgeting are helpful in designing budgetary systems and setting of budgets for organizations (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). The ability to effectively formulate budgetary systems and set budgets through insights from budgets is very important for any given form of organization. This is because such tools can be used in the setting of standards of performance, motivating the stakeholders of the organization and providing the tools used for the measurement of results which are direly needed in the fulfillment of the organizational goals. The process of budgeting normally begins from a zero based perspective (Wiseman 2010). The organization starts from zero and determines the need of each department and program. This approach tends to provide a more accurate budget as opposed to an allowed incremental increase each year. Budgets are meant to be conservative hence there needs to be an overestimation when it comes to th e expenses while the revenues require to be underestimated. This is for the sake of flexibility required in the system hence assisting in the design of a budgetary system. Insights from the knowledge of budgeting plays a critical roles in supporting the strategic plans of organizations where many factors like technology needs, capital improvements, overhead needs, planned giving and capital campaign revenue and borrowing funds. These are key components when it comes to formulation of budgeting systems and setting of budgets (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). Annual budgeting is a must for organizations as technology in form of software and hardware becomes more sophisticated. Budgeting and budgeting systems for technology requires that the organization realizes and sets budgets for the replacement of computers. Taking care of such grand company costs requires that there is a plan ahead to save on costs which may otherwise go to a waste if there are no proper budgetary systems and accurate budgets set (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). Knowledge from budgets is useful in the determination of funding required for capital improvements and this is important for organizations across the divide (Seal & Garrison 2009). Knowledge from budgetary costs are applicable in the realization that utility costs are not a constant factor despite the fact of impossibility of prediction of fluctuations and in establishing budgetary systems and setting of budgets, the economic conditions of the time are much applicable. Budgets in the are used in the formulation of budgetary systems through an in depth look at the expenses by the organization (Wiseman 2010). Borrowing though not considered as a part of any financial strategy in the organization. The use of borrowed funds helps organizations be in the position of undertaking a lot in terms of the organization growth. Generally, budgeting involves a complete process which ranges from identification, collection, summarization and communication of financial and non-financial information of a given organization. In managerial accounting process the budgeting system helps in the planning of the course of action that can be undertaken by an organization to help in seeing through future transactions (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). The budgets and knowledge of budgets enables corporations to formulate some form of common goals for the sake

Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in India

Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in India Introduction According to WHO (2007) coronary heart disease (CHD) (including Myocardial ischemia) is the most common cause of death in the world and the biggest cause of premature death in modern and industrialised countries (Lopez et al., 2006; Lindsay and Gaw, 2004). In 2001, ischemic heart disease accounted for 7.1 million deaths worldwide among which 5.7 million (80%) deaths were in developing and underdeveloped countries (Lopez et al., 2006). Although geographical variations such as ethnic origin and social class influence the CHD mortality rates (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004), coronary heart disease remains common globally despite the development of a range of treatments (Brister et al., 2007). There is evidence that ethnicity is an important factor for coronary heart disease (Gupta et al., 2002; Brister et al., 2007) and a number of studies have suggested that there is increased incidence in coronary artery disease in South Asians (people originating from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) when compared to the white population (Brister et al., 2007). South Asian people also have a greater risk of coronary heart disease than others from developed countries (Mohan et al., 2001; Joshi et al., 2007). In 2002 India had the highest number of deaths over 1.5 million due to coronary heart disease (Reddy et al., 2004). By 2010, it is expected that 66% of the worlds heart disease is likely to occur in India (Ghaffar, 2004). Therefore, this dissertation will focus on the prevalence of CHD in India and the impact of life style in the aetiology of CHD. There is wide range of evidence regarding the incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in India (Reddy, 2004; Kasliwal et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2006; Brister et al., 2007), including Indian, British and Singaporean journal articles. This dissertation is broken down into three parts: the first discusses the topic in relation to the existing literature on the prevalence of CHD in India; the second part is a critical appraisal of the risk factors and the impact of life style of CHD in Indians; While the third presents the management of CHD, and includes a discussion of the nursing implications and future research into this area. Background THE DISEASE ASPECT- CORONARY HEART DISEAS/CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Definitions Coronary heart disease â€Å"CHD covers a spectrum of disease such as angina, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, ischemic cardiomyopathy, chronic heart failure and a proportion case of sudden cardiac death† (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004 pg no. 1). Acute coronary syndrome This is the clinical entity of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction. Myocardial Infarction â€Å"it is a condition that results from diminished oxygen supply coupled with inadequate removal of metabolites because of reduced perfusion to the heart muscle† (Woods et al., 2005 pg no. 541) Angina â€Å"A condition characterised by chest pain or discomfort from myocardial ischemia† (Woods et al., 2005 pg no. 541) Overview of Coronary Artery Disease CHD is the major cause of death in most countries and is considered almost to be an epidemic in western countries (Lippincott, 2003). In Britain it accounts for one in three deaths in men and one in four deaths in women, while 5,000,000 deaths annually are seen in US (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). It is estimated that more than 80% of patients who develop clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD), and more than 95% of those who experience a fatal CAD event have at least one major cardiac risk factor (Greenland and Klein, 2007). CHD is more prevalent in males, whites and the middle-aged, as well as elderly people. More than 50% of males age 60 or older show signs of coronary artery disease on autopsy. The peak incidence of clinical symptoms in females is between ages 60 and 70 (Lippincott, 2003). There is a marked difference in death rates due to coronary disease between countries: for example, a 10-fold greater age-standardized death rate for men aged 35 to 74 years in Scotland compared with Japan. Within Europe, a threefold difference in death rates and disease incidence can be seen with Finland and the United Kingdom higher than Italy, France, and Spain (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). There are also marked contrasts in coronary disease mortality trends between developed and developing countries. In the United States, Western Europe, and Australia, mortality has been falling between 15 and 50 per cent for at least 20 years (Lippincott, 2003). In contrast, rates continue to rise in Eastern Europe, including Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic. The fall could be due to a fall in disease incidence or case fatality rates, or both. Although the management of acute myocardial infarction in particular has improved over this time, with case fatality rates halved, there ha s also been an increased awareness of risk factor avoidance (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). The Disease aspect Coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to nourish the heart. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it receives oxygen before it is pumped to the whole body. Because the heart is a muscle, it needs a continuous source of oxygenated blood to function. Causes and symptoms CHD is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Cholesterol and other fatty substances accumulate on the inner wall of the arteries, which in turn attracts fibrous tissue, blood components, and calcium to the inner walls of the arteries which then hardens into artery-clogging plaques (Woods et al., 2003). Atherosclerotic plaques often form blood clots that also can block the coronary arteries (coronary thrombosis). Congenital defects and muscle spasms can also block blood flow. Recent research indicates that infection from organisms such as the chlamydia bacteria may also be responsible for some cases of coronary artery disease (Warrel, 2003). A number of major contributing factors increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Some of these can be changed and some cannot. People with more risk factors are more likely to develop coronary artery disease. Major risk factors Major risk factors are those factors that lead to CHD. They are mainly classified into two groups: non-modifiable and modifiable (Lippincott, 2003). Those that cannot be changed are the non-modifiable risk factors such as: Heredity if a persons parents have coronary artery disease he/she is more likely to develop it. Sex Men are more likely to have heart attacks than women and to have them at a younger age. Age Men 45 years of age and older and women 55 years of age and older are more likely to have coronary artery disease. However now-a-days, coronary disease may occasionally strike a person in their 30s (Lippincott, 2003). Major risk factors that can be changed (modifiable risk factors) are: Smoking Smoking increases the chance of developing CHD and the chance of dying from it. High cholesterol Dietary sources of cholesterol are meat, eggs, and other animal products. There are other factors also that increase the cholesterol level such as age, sex, heredity, and diet affect ones blood cholesterol. Total blood cholesterol is considered high when it is above 240 mg/dL and borderline at 200-239 mg/dL. High blood pressure High blood pressure makes the heart work harder, also increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and congestive heart failure. A blood pressure of 140 over 90 or above is considered high. Lack of physical activity Lack of exercise increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Even modest physical activity, like walking, is beneficial if done regularly (Lippincott, 2003). Diabetes mellitus the risk of developing coronary artery disease is seriously increased in diabetics. More than 80% of diabetics die of some type of heart or blood vessel disease. Chest pain (angina) is the main symptom of coronary heart disease but it is not always present. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, and chest heaviness, tightness, pain, a burning sensation, squeezing, or pressure either behind the breastbone or in the arms, neck, or jaws (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004). Many people have no symptoms of coronary artery disease before having a heart attack: according to the American Heart Association 63% of women and 48% of men who died suddenly of coronary artery disease had no previous symptoms of the disease (Woods et al., 2001). THE COUNTRY PROFILE INDIA The country India India, situated in the South Asian region, is the seventh largest, and the second most populous, country in the world with a population of 1.103 billion (United Nations Population Division, 2005) in 32 states and union territories covering about four thousand towns and cities and about six lakhs villages (Nag and Sengupta, 1992). The population distribution is 71% rural and 29% urban (United Nation Population Division, 2005). Initially, India was a rural economy that subsequently participated in the industrial revolution with the help of colonial rule. After independence in 1947, the country followed socialist policies and hence large-scale infrastructure and industry development was carried out through the public sector. By the early 1990s, the Indian economy was opened up through liberalization and is now on the road to privatization through disinvestment policies. However, the economic growth in India during the 1990s as a result of the 1991 economic reforms has also seen an increase in poverty and a radical transformation in the well-being of the bottom half of the population (Rajeshwari et al., 2005). The consequences of these economic and social changes have led to an epidemiological transition (Joshi et al., 2006). An epidemiological transition is a focus on the complex changes in the patterns between the health and disease and the interaction between them and various other factors such as demograp hic, economic and determinants with their consequences (Omran, 2005). The urban population has increased by 4.5 times during 1951-2001 (WHO, 2000). The life expectancy from birth for males is 62 and females 64 (WHO, 2008). While the crude mortality rate is decreasing the percentage of children under 15 is declining (WHO, 2007). Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2006): 109. Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2006): 4.9 (WHO, 2008). The leading cause of mortality after death during childbirth is cardiovascular disease, accounting for 188 deaths per 100,000 population (WHO, 2005). The health care system of India is overseen by two different bodies: The Department of Health Family Welfare. The Department of AYUSH (Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathic Medicines). Each state has a Ministry of Health Family Welfare although their organization differs from state to state. Generally, there is a Directorate of Health Services providing technical assistance. Some states have a separate Directorate of Medical Education Research, and some have a separate Director of Ayurveda or Director of Homeopathy (WHO, 2007). In rural areas, Community Health Centres serve estimated populations of 100,000 and provide speciality services in general medicine, paediatrics, surgery and obstetrics gynaecology. However, there is still a shortfall in the number of community health centres in the rural areas of India. A Primary Health Centre (PHC) covers around 30,000 people (20,000 in hilly, desert or difficult terrain) and is staffed by a medical officer, and one male and one female health assistant along with supporting staff. A sub-centre serves around 5,000 people (3000 in difficult terrain) and is supported by one male and one female multipurpose health worker. T hese workers and health assistants have different designations in different states. Playing an equally important role in curative and preventive care in urban areas is the private sector. A large number of private practitioners exist and there are many large and small hospitals and nursing homes along with a large number of voluntary organizations providing health care (Bhat, 1993). Chapter One: Literature Review Aims The aim of this review is To analyze the prevalence of CHD in India To analyze the mortality rates related to CHD To understand the aetiology of CHD in India This review will also include a comparison study of the prevalence of coronary heart disease among migrant Indians and the natives of the particular migrant destination countries. Reason for the selection of the topic CHD remains the largest cause of death worldwide. Mortality rates from cardiovascular disease have been known to increase from five-fold to ten-fold around the world (National Institute of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2000). A World Health Organisation (WHO) Multinational monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease (MONICA) study analysed the event rates of CHD among 38 populations between the age group 35-64years, and found variations in CHD prevalence and mortality rates among different ethnic groups (Tunstall-Pedoe et al., 1994). India is a developing country which is seeing an increased rise and prevalence of CHD (Reddy, 2004). While the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has decreased by 50% over the past 30 years in developed countries, in India it has doubled (Kasliwal et al., 2006). Prevalence is an epidemiological measure to determine a how commonly disease or condition occurs in a population, whereas incidence is another epidemiological measure that measures the rate of occurrences of new case of a disease or condition (Le and Boen, 1995). The prevalence of CHD is seen mostly from the age of 35 years and over (Kasliwal et al., 2006). CHD is the second leading cause of mortality in Indians (Patel et al., 2006). Joshi et al., (2006) conducted a survey in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh, India, the results of which suggested that vascular diseases (including ischemic heart disease and stroke which accounts for 32%) are the main cause of mortality in India when compared to other chronic conditions such as infectious and parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, intestinal conditions, HIV, neoplasm and diseases of the respiratory system. However, CHD mortality rates have decreased in by 50% in most industrialised countries since 1970s (Unal et al., 2004). In United States the decline was seen during the 1980s (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000), while in the United Kingdom the decline saw a slower pace (British Heart Foundation, 2003). In the United Kingdom the death rates fell by half in the 55-64 age group and slightly less than 40% in men aged 35-44. In women death rates fell by half and a third in those aged 55-64 years and 35-44 respectively (British Heart Foundation- BHF, 2004). However, even though the mortality rates from CHD have fallen it does not suggest that the prevalence has also fallen. The reasons for the decline are not clearly understood but some hypothesise that a reduction in smoking; management for lipid and blood pressure control; modern care for acute coronary syndrome; and secondary prevention has contributed (Luepker, 2008). The increased incidence of CHD has led to the increase in number of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts (CABG) and other cardiac surgeries. It is estimated that 25,000 CABG surgeries are carried every year in India (World Health Organisation Statistical Information System, 2003). Hence, it could be noted that in a highly populous country like India with its increased prevalence of CHD that the estimated CABG surgeries reaching to the public is actually very few. Therefore, there could be considerable gap between the public need and treatment. Therefore, the reason for this thesis is to help us understand that there is high prevalence in CHD in the Indian population; the specific reasons for this increased epidemic; and how can it be managed so the population can remain healthy. Search strategy The literature was searched with the specific intention of examining the most up-to-date data concerning the prevalence of CAD in India. The search was performed by accessing specialised scientific medical and nursing databases carrying articles regarding the specified subject area (Craig and Smyth, 2002). The databases accessed included the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Healthcare Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and MEDLINE and EMBASE using the Ovid SP interface. The keywords used for the search were: coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, and coronary heart disease, South Asians, prevalence, mortality rate, British white, Caucasians and India. The Boolean term AND was used simultaneously. The date range of the studies targeted was set between 1991 and 2009; and was chosen so the most recent evidence could be drawn on, although articles outside this date limit were also incorporated into the search so as to be able to compare whether there have been any changes in the literature over time. To focus the search more strategically the following inclusion and exclusion criteria below were applied. Inclusion and exclusion criteria used to narrow the search The inclusion criteria include prevalence of CHD in both rural and urban areas in order to compare the prevalence of CHD, the date range was set from 1991-2009 so that the recent evidence could be drawn on. The other inclusion criterions were British Indians, American Indians, migrant Indians and South Asians. The patient age group considered was from 35 years over as this matches the known incidences of coronary artery diseases (Kasliwal et al., 2006). The exclusion criteria were other cardiovascular studies such as peripheral artery disease since the literature review focussed on CAD only. Search Results Initially the search revealed 78 potentially relevant papers; however 48 did not contain data pertinent to the inclusion criteria or were not credible sources. The 30 papers that were used for the review included both qualitative and quantitative studies. They included a wide range of international literature to allow a comparison of the prevalence of CHD between British Indians and British whites. The literature that provided evidence from the Indian health care system were all medical journal articles by authors such as Bhardwaj, 2009; Mandal et al., 2008; Kamili et al., 2007; Chow et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2006; Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005; Patel et al., 2005; Sharma and Ganguly, 2005; Ward et al., 2005; Indrayan, 2004; Pinto et al., 2004; Gupta et al., 2003; Gupta and Rastogi, 2003; Gupta et al., 2002; Singh et al., 1997; Gupta et al.s 1997; Dhawan, et al 1996; Gupta et al., 1995; Gupta et al., 1993; Kutty et al. 1992. Journals from UK include Zaman et al., 2008; Whincup et al., 2002; Bhopal et al., 1999; Cappuccio et al., 1997; and Journal from Singapore are Mak et al., 2004; Tai and Tan, 2004; Kam et al 2002; Lee et al., 2001. From the analysis of the above literature the following themes were formulated The prevalence of CHD in the mother country, India, both in rural and urban areas. The reasons for the increase in CHD in India. A comparison of CHD prevalence and mortality rate between British Indians and British whites. Credibility of the Literature In order establish the evidence of increased prevalence of CHD in India it is necessary to analyse a wide range of literature. To assess the credibility and reliability of the evidence, the strengths and limitations of the texts were identified. Systematic reviews were used to determine the strength of the evidence. In the hierarchy of evidence, systemic reviews are considered the golden standard. This is because systemic reviews draw on â€Å"Statistical procedure[s] for combining data from a number of studies and investigations in order to analyse the therapeutic effectiveness of specific treatment or interventions.† (Helewa Walker, 2000, p.111). There was only one systematic review available for this literature review (Bhopal et al., 2000). This research paper has a clear search strategy stated, limits, and selection criteria. The search was limited to English research papers, however one exception was that only published studies reporting original comparative data were included. Unpublished studies and studies only reported as abstracts were not included, which ensures rigour in the analysis of the data by having a complete recount of the different studies; this also ensures that the studies had gone through an evaluation committee before being published. The conclusions reached in the systematic reviews support the conclusions reached across the other literature sourced (Mandal et al., 2008; Gupta et al.,1997). Observational studies are considered a good source of evidence, and are similar to Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in terms of effectiveness, appropriateness, and feasibility of the evidence (Craig Smith, 2002). The studies examined as part of this essay also described the setting, location, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment, exposure, follow-up, and data collection, thereby increasing their robustness (STROBE checklist, 2008). There was one observational study that mentioned its location, time period and setting, and therefore provided credible evidence for the literature review (Wilkinson, 1996). Most of the studies analysed for the literature review were population based surveys, while some studies were clearly addressed and statistically analysed (Mandal et al., 2008; Zaman et al., 2008; Chow et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2005; Mak et al., 2003; Whincup et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2001; Bhopal et al., 1999; Cappuccio et al., 1997, Gupta et al., 1997; Singh et al., 1997; Kutty et al., 1992) ethical issues were mentioned (Cappuccio et al., 1997; Kutty et al., 1992). Some studies however did not explain their statistical analysis (Bhardwaj, 2009; Pinto et al., 2004), and without knowing the specific characteristics of the statistical analysis, the studies cannot be replicated as evidence in this literature review. In regard to qualitative research, a great deal of debate is still going on regarding how to assess the quality of such work (Sandelowski, 1986). In particular, researchers suggest that it is difficult to develop a single benchmark against which the true value of claims can be judged (Craig Smith, 2002). Even though qualitative studies are not considered excellent or even good sources of evidence, based on evidence-based hierarchy, they can address questions that cannot be answered using other experimental methods (Green Britten, 1998). One qualitative study in the literature was used to examine and compare the illness beliefs of South Asian and European patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) about causal attributions and lifestyle change. The method of sampling and data analysis was appropriate. Although the reviews of the literature accessed for this literature review did not prove as rigorous as other sources of evidence, because they did not draw on empirical data, they were used to support the findings of other more robust forms of evidence, which were generated from systematic reviews, observational studies and survey. Reviews of the literature carried out by Goyal and Yusuf, 2006; Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005; Sharma and Ganguly, 2005; Tai and Tan, 2004; Barakat et al., 2003; Yusuf et al., 2001; Reddy et al., 1998 provided evidence, however the paper fails to present a search analysis. Evaluation of key studies The prevalence of CHD in India Coronary heart disease has emerged as an epidemic in India (Gupta and Rastogi, 2003). According to the National Commission and Macroeconomics and Health, Government of India the total number of CHD patients in India by the end of the century was around 30 million (5.3% ) of the adult population; this is forecast to increase to up to 60 million cases (7.6%) by the year 2015 (Indrayan, 2004). Although there are various comparative studies showing the burden of cardiovascular disease among Indian immigrants in Western countries, there has been less attention paid to CHD in India itself (Goyal and Yusuf, 2006, Reddy et al., 2004, Yusuf et al., 2001, Anand et al., 2000). Hence, this section of the literature review will focus on the prevalence of CHD in India. In developed countries, there are no rural-urban differences in the prevalence of CHD (Feinleib, 1995). However in India there is marked difference between the prevalence of CHD in the rural and urban areas with surveys showing that the prevalence rate of CHD in urban areas is about double that rural areas (Gupta et al., 2006; Reddy, 1998; Singh et al., 1996; Singh et al., 1997). Studies have been done in various states of India of the prevalence of CHD in the country. For example, Mandal et al., (2008) conducted a cross-sectional survey among the urban population of Siliguri in West Bengal, from a random sample population aged greater than or equal 40 years, to determine the prevalence of ischemic heart disease and the associated risk factors. The results showed that 11.6% had ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 47.2% had hypertension. Males had a higher (13.5%) prevalence of IHD than females (9.4%). About 5% of the patients had asymptomatic IHD. However, this study had a small sample size, which could limit the generalisability of the findings and is limited by the fact that other risk factors like diabetes and lipids were not included. On the other hand, Kutty et al. (1992) conducted a survey among the rural population of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala state, to analyse the prevalence of some indicators of coronary heart disease. The indicators included in the study were ECG changes and well-known risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, smoking and diabetes. From the above criteria it was found that rural Thiruvananthapuram has a lower prevalence of coronary heart disease when compared to urban centres like Delhi. However there were drawbacks to this study too, such as the fact that people were sampled on the basis of household list from the panchayat office (panchayat is south Asian rural political system) so anyone who did not belong to the house list in the panchayat was not included in the study. This could have caused a limitation in the generalisability of the results as there was bias in sampling technique. Similarly, Singh et al., (1997) conducted a cross- sectional survey in two villages in Northern India, which showed a significantly higher and increased prevalence of CHD in urban areas compared to rural areas. Reddy also (1998) conducted a cross-sectional survey which found the prevalence rate of CHD as being 6% in the rural areas of Haryana, India. Another study conducted was in the rural areas of Northern India in Himachal Pradesh which showed a CHD rate of 4.06% among the whole rural population in the age group between 50-59 years with a slightly higher incidence in men than women (Bhardwaj, 2009). However these research papers failed to set out their statistical analysis or research analysis, meaning that the reliability of the papers cannot be measured. Nonetheless, it can be noted that the prevalence of CHD was lower in the rural areas and also that the prevalence rates varied in different states of India. Chow et al., (2006) conducted a survey in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and levels of managing the major risk factors. Their results showed that cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent and the community knowledge about cardiovascular disease is quite good. However, the results also pointed out that even though people have the knowledge, their management for risk factors remains suboptimal. Hence it could be suggested that even though the people had good awareness regarding CHD the care provided for them was insufficient. Additionally there were a number of studies done to determine the increase in CHD prevalence in urban areas compared to rural areas of India (Pinto et al., 2004; Gupta et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 1995). However there are limitations to these studies, including such factors as: small and variable samples, low response rates, inappropriate diagnostic criteria, non-specific electrocardiographic changes, a lack of standardization, or incomplete results. Gupta et al.s (1997) survey in a rural area (Rajasthan) found that even though the prevalence of CHD was lower in the rural areas, it had nevertheless increased (to 3.4% in males and 3.7% in females) when compared to previous studies. The study was carried out with a detailed questionnaire prepared according to guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) the United States Public Health Service and a based on a review of previous Indian studies. The Performa elicited: family history of hypertension and CHD; social factors such as education, housing, type of job, stressful life events, depression, participation in religious prayer and yoga; along with conventional risk factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, amount of physical activity, diabetes, and hypertension. Blood pressure measurements and a 12 lead ECG using proper standardization were performed on all participants. Earlier studies from India used different criteria and showed higher CHD prevalence. When the diagnostic criteria in the present study are extended to include past documentation, response to WHO-Rose Questionnaire and ST-T wave changes in ECG as done in previous studies, the prevalence rises to a rate higher than those found in previous Indian rural studies. However, the results cannot be validated. For example, some of the previous studies from India included ECG criteria as the presence of left bundle branch block, complete heart block and presence of ST segment and T wave changes while some studies suggest that these findings are not reliable enough to diagnose CHD, especially so in females where ST-T changes may be non-specific (Reddy et al., 1996; Gupta et al., 1993). That said, it is clear evidence that there is still an increasing prevalence of CHD in India. Heart diseases are also occurring in Indians 5 to 10 years earlier than in other populations around the world (Dhawan, et al 1996). According to the INTERHEART study, the median age for first presentation of acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) in the South Asian (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) population is 53 years, whereas that in Western Europe, China and Hong Kong is 63 years, with more men than women affected (Yusuf et al 2004) (the INTERHEART study was a standardized case-control study that screened all patients admitted to the coronary care unit or equivalent cardiology ward for a first MI at 262 participating centres in 52 countries throughout the world). Epidemiological studies have shown that immigrant Indians share a significantly higher incidence of CHD than the native populations (Enas et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2002). The first evidence of this was found in a 1959 study among expatriate Indians in Singapore (Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005). Similarly many studies have been done in various other countries to corroborate these findings (McKeigue, 1991; Enas et al., 2005). However, in the UK it is only recently that the importance of ethnicity and disparities in regard to CHD has been realised (British Heart Foundation, 2004). Several studies have reported that there is increased prevalence of CHD in British Indians when compared to British Whites (McKeigue, 1991; Bhopal et al., 1999; Enas et al., 2005). Hence, the review of the literature clearly shows the prevalence of CHD among the urban and rural populations in In

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Interpreted :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Interpreted It is clear Hamlet can be interpreted from a multitude of perspectives on numerous levels. I cannot quite grasp Mr. Bloom's contention that this is a work of near biblical importance nor can I accept his allusions to Jesus or the Buddha. "Hamlet remains apart; something transcendent about him places him more aptly with the biblical King David, or with even more exalted scriptural figures."(Bloom, 384). My immediate response is that when Mr. Bloom shuffles off this mortal coil, I don't believe Billy Shakespeare will be waiting with a pint of ale. Professor Schechner's enjoyable production increased my appreciation of the value of wardrobe and inflection of voice. Prior to this performance I did not see Polonius as a buffoon (as portrayed by Mr. Shapli), nor the incestuous nature of Ophelia's familial relationships (Ms. Cole's ability to transform from coquette to lunatic was shocking). Doubtless there are near as many interpretations of Hamlet as there are Shakespearean aficionados. My own expertise lies in the political arena. I believe Hamlet could be construed as a treatise on aggressive, imperialist behavior. Throughout the Dramaturgic Analysis of Hamlet Prince of Denmark the indecisiveness of Hamlet is noted. He does not immediately seek vengeance but continually schemes, rants and raves (both in his rational and insane moments). Whether cowardice, caution, or simply indifference dominate his persona is unclear - what is clear is his distaste for his own behavior: "How stand I then, That have a father kill'd, a mother stain'd,...And let all sleep, while to my shame I see The imminent death of twenty thousand men... (sic)." (Shakespeare, 116). The impending doom of the twenty thousand men alludes to a campaign waged by Fortinbas, the Prince of Norway. Though the battleground is said to be of little value, Fortinbas is warring on principles of honor and the subsequent expansion of Norway. An enraged Hamlet mistakenly slays Polonius. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are sent to their inconsequential deaths only when he is inspired by pirates to save his own life. These murders involved no elaborate schemes but were simply enacted. Yet with all his planning, his opportunities, his justification, why can he not kill Claudius? The portrayal of the pirates as "merciful thieves" (Shakespeare, 124) and the fact that warlike Fortinbras succeeds in Poland and obtains the Kingdom of Denmark by play's end - may be a commentary on decisive, imperialistic behavior.

History of New York City Essay

When one thinks of New York City, the image the commonly comes to mind is prosperity and wealth. Considering that New York is the financial and media capital of the world, it is no wonder that it has such an image. However, such prosperity was not always the case and a comprehensive public works system was required in order to save the city from economic devastation. Prior to the Great Depression, New York City was controlled by the corrupt political machine Tammany Hall. With the advent of the Great Depression, new York City’s population exploded. Unfortunately, the economy of New York City was negatively affected in the same manner that the rest of the nation and extreme change was required. As such, Tammany Hall was finally ‘thrown out of office’ and the Mayor Fiorella La Guardia was elected. In order to deal with the problem of economic chaos, La Guardia opted to institute a number of public works programs in order to reverse the negative spiral the city was caught. With many major American cities collapsing under the financial strain caused by the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt provided a significant volume of federal funds to cities in order to aid the economic re-development of the cities. La Guardia jumped on the opportunity for federal funds and used those federal funds to stimulate a number of jobs for the unemployed. This greatly saved New York City from financial collapse and, ultimately, made Fiorella La Guardia and icon in New York City’s history. Additionally, La Guardia used public works money to develop a system of public housing and urban renewal. Since much of New York City was poor, many of the neighborhoods had devolved into slums. The aggressive urban renewal campaign was somewhat successful, but not as successful as the job stimulation program that La Guardia instituted. Of course, there will always be negatives on the flipside of any positive venture. With a great deal of public, federal money coming into the city, many individuals became overly reliant upon the federal government for prosperity. When the federal government reached its limits in terms of what it could provide, the prosperity of segments of the population stagnated. This ultimately led to a rollback of many of the public works policies during the 1990’s Regardless of the success that the public works system may have had in the past, in order for progress to be made in any endeavor, one must move forward. There were a great number of factors that made the public works system a positive benefit for the city of New York from the New Deal era to the 1970s. This does not, however, mean that duplicating the past system would equate to a duplication of success. Sometimes, a radically different approach is required. Former Mayor Gulliani, for example, promoted a system of city governance that was far removed from the public works system of city maintenance and management and his system of governing is widely considered a success. Again, different time periods and factors will require different solutions to problems. No concept is so strong that it can last forever and thrive amidst radically changing social and political landscapes. As such, La Guardia’s usage of Public Works money for the stimulation of the stagnant economy of New York was the right decision at the right time. While not perfect, it did serve its primary purpose: saving New York City from economic collapse.

Ancient Greek and Roman Clothing

Ancient Greek and Roman Clothing Ancient Greeks and Romans wore similar clothing, usually made at home. One of the principal occupations of women in ancient society was weaving. Women wove garments generally of wool or linen for their families, although the very wealthy could also afford silk and cotton. Research suggests that fabrics were often brightly colored and decorated with elaborate designs. In general, the women wove a single square or rectangular piece of clothing that could have multiple uses. It could be a garment, a blanket, or even a shroud. Infants and young children often went naked. Greco-Roman clothing for both women and men consisted of two main garments- a tunic (either a peplos or chiton) and a cloak (himation or toga). Both women and men wore sandals, slippers, soft shoes, or boots, although at home they usually went barefoot. Tunics, Togas, and Mantles Roman togas were white woolen strips of cloth about six feet wide and 12 feet long. They were draped over the shoulders and body and worn over a linen tunic. Children and commoners wore natural or off-white togas, while Roman senators wore brighter, whiter togas. Colored stripes on the toga designated particular occupations or statuses; for example, magistrates togas had purple stripes and edging. Togas were relatively unwieldy to wear, so they were reserved for formal or leisure events. While togas had their place, most working people needed more practical clothing on a daily basis. As a result, most ancient people wore one or more tunics, large rectangles of cloth known as a peplos and/or a chiton. Peplos are heavier and usually not sewn but pinned; chitons were about twice the size of the peplos, made of a lighter fabric and generally seamed. The tunic was the basic garment: it could also be used as an undergarment. Instead of a toga, some Roman women wore an ankle-length, pleated dress known as the stola, which could have long sleeves and fastened at the shoulder with the clasp known as a fibula. Such garments were worn over the tunics and under the palla. Prostitutes wore togas instead of the stola. The Layered Effect A typical outfit for a woman might start with a strophion, a soft band wrapped around the mid-section of the body. Over the strophion could be draped the peplos, a large rectangle of heavy fabric, usually wool, folded over along the upper edge to create a double layer in front called an overfold (apoptygma). The top edge would be draped to reach to the waist. The peplos was fastened at the shoulders, armhole openings were left on each side, and the peplos might or might not be cinched with a belt.   Instead of a peplos, a woman might wear a chiton, made of a much lighter material, usually imported linen which sometimes was diaphanous or semi-transparent. Made with twice as much material as the peplos, the chiton was wide enough to allow sleeves to be fastened along the upper arms with pins or buttons. Both the peplos and chiton were floor-length, and usually long enough to be pulled over a belt, creating a soft pouch called a kolpos.  Ã‚   Over the  tunic would go a mantle of some sort. This was the rectangular himation for the Greeks, and pallium or palla for the Romans, draped over the left arm and under the right. Roman male citizens also wore a toga instead of the Greek himation, or a large rectangular or semicircular shawl that would be worn pinned on the right shoulder or joined at the front of the body. Cloaks and Outerwear In inclement weather or for reasons of fashion, Romans would wear certain outer garments, mostly cloaks or capes pinned at the shoulder, fastened down the front or possibly pulled over the head. Wool was the most common material, but some could be leather. Shoes and sandals were ordinarily made of leather, although shoes might be wool felt. Throughout the Bronze and Iron ages, womens and mens fashion choices varied greatly as they fell in and out of style. In Greece, the peplos was the earliest developed, and the chiton first appeared in the sixth century BCE, only to fall out of favor again in the fifth century. Sources and Further Information Ancient Greek Dress. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.Casson, Lionel. Greek and Roman Clothing: Some Technical Terms. Glotta 61.3/4 (1983): 193–207.Cleland, Liza, Glenys Davies, and Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones. Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z. London: Routledge, 2007.Croom, Alexandra. Roman Clothing and Fashion. Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 2010.Harlow, Mary E. Dressing to Please Themselves: Clothing Choices for Roman Women. Dress and Identity. Ed. Harlow, Mary E. Bar International Series 2536. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012. 37–46.Olsen, Kelly. Dress and the Roman Woman: Self-Presentation and Society. London: Routledge, 2012.  Smith, Stephanie Ann, and Debby Sneed. Womens Dress in Archaic Greece: The Peplos, Chiton, and Himation. Classics Department, University of Colorado Boulder, June 18, 2018.

Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian essays

Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian essays In my report Ill talk a little about both the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democratic sides and then Ill compare the two. Ill start with the Jeffersonian view. When political alignments first emerged in George Washington's administration, opposing factions were led by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. In the basic disagreement over the nature and functions of government and of society, the Jeffersonian advocated a society based on the small farmer; they opposed strong centralized government and were suspicious of urban commercial interests. Their ideals (opposed to those of the Federalist party) came to be known as Jeffersonian democracy, based in large part on faith in the virtue and ability of the common man and the limitation of the powers of the federal government. This group of anti-Federalists, who called themselves Republicans or Democratic Republicans (the name was not fixed as Democratic until 1828), supported many of the ideals of the French Revolution and opposed c lose relations with Great Britain. Led by Jefferson and his ally James Madison, the group had become a nationwide party by 1800, winning the support of Aaron Burr and George Clinton in New York, of Benjamin Rush and Albert Gallatin in Pennsylvania, and of most influential politicians in the South. Jefferson became President in 1800 in an election that has often been called a turning point in American history. With this election emerged an alliance between Southern agrarians and Northern city dwellers, an alliance that grew to be the dominating coalition of the party. With Madison and James Monroe succeeding Jefferson, the party's Virginia dynasty held the presidency until 1824. Now well take a look at the Jacksonian democracy. To his army of followers, Andrew Jackson was the embodiment of popular democracy. A truly self-made man of will and courage, he personified for many citizens the vast power of nature and Provi...

FEDERAL PROGRAM RESEARCH PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FEDERAL PROGRAM RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) This amount is considered much lesser as compared to the fiscal year 2007 and 2006 with 568,835,000 US dollars each year. The budget where the funds for the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities program is part of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) total budget. The total requested fund for the entire NCLB fund totals the amount of US$ 24,474,059,000 for next year. (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) The sources of funds that is used to support the total expenditures of the elementary and secondary education in the United States comes mostly from the U.S. federal, state and the local government. (U.S. Department of Education, 2007b) Each year, the president request for a budget for the Safe and Drug-Free The 324,248,000 US dollars program fund for the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) will be allocated and distributed to different minor programs such as the Health, Mental Health, Environmental Health and Physical Education Programs (HMHEHPE); the State Program for Drug-Violence Prevention (DVP); the National Programs for Drug-Violence Prevention (DVP); the Character and Civic Education (CCE); the Policy and Cross-Cutting Programs; and the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee. (OSDFS, 2007b) The HMHEHPE group handles the provision of financial assistance for activities coming from the Carol M. White Physical Education Program, the Elementary and Secondary School Counceling Discretionary Grants, and the Grants for the Integration of Schools and Mental Health System that promotes the health and well being of elementary and secondary school students and those who belongs to a higher education institutions. The funds that will be used for these programs will be coming from the budget for Discretionary Grants. The allocated fund for the Physical Education Program and the

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Research Paper Example Roskin (2012) asserts that the Kennedy’s doctrine was for responding flexibly to communist expansion, particularly to guerrilla warfare. Initially, the Kennedy counterinsurgency program succeeded in overturning the foreign policy establishment in a bout of seminars, uptight formulation of strange policy, counterinsurgency courses and bureaucratic upheavals. Nonetheless, this counterinsurgency orientation has not been executed at the detriment of its hitherto extremely prominent twin, which was the offensive unconventional warfare. Apparently, the Kennedy administration became practically instigated with the landing craft designated for Cuba, which started in April 1961 with efforts of meddling with existing governments there and in Congo; this was a lasting feature of those three brief years. However, it was a set of initiatives to develop an extensive counterinsurgency policy that controlled the years of Kennedy, with a doctrine, infrastructure, and a program of counterinsurg ency being developed nearly overnight. This counterinsurgency era regarding the military and the intelligence establishments started with Kennedy and thereafter faded away with the withdrawal of the United States from Vietnam. This program drew partly from the same resources built up for unconventional warfare, and offered a new and integrated tactic to a deserted Cold War’s theater (Ucko, 2009). Kennedy's involvement in confronting the guerrilla warfare has in most cases been seen as a reaction to the back-up of wars of liberation by Nikita Khrushchev. There are perceptions that the speech by Khrushchev in January 1961, following Kennedy's inauguration, is particularly significant in electrifying the new president to a program of action. Nonetheless, Khrushchev's rhetoric was possibly rather less significant compared to the troubles with communists present in Vietnam and Laos, ideological doubts concerning African decolonization, and the unfinished business within Cuba; however, efforts were in progress for slapping down the first unbeaten communist revolution within the America's backyard (Ucko, 2009). According to the accounts of meeting by National Security Council regarding Kennedy's initial months in office, much of his thinking, and that of his group, had previously been crystallized with the