The Effects Of Animal Testing On Human Society - 1591 Words

The use of animal testing has been going on for a long time. Although there have been many cases where people try to stop it or try to convince people that it is wrong in today’s society it is still happening all over the world. This research paper will talk about how in today’s society is racing to discover cures for diseases. How humans have made advancements in the world we have also established the scientific evolution. By doing so our ethics and morals have failed to progress. The knowledge that we gain throughout the years is remarkable but it is our responsibility to use it wisely and ethically. We heartlessly torture and kill animals that we consider lesser beings. For something as simple as eye makeup hundreds of animals are tortured and blinded by test that are being done to them in laboratories where they are hardly being fed, often forced to live in filth, sometimes they even remove their vocal cords to keep them quiet. We pour cosmetic products into their e ye and body parts to determine if it will have a harmful effect on humans. Animal’s posses the same emotions and feelings as humans and without any care they are subjected to pain. Mankind fails to give animals respect they deserve, they are treated with lifeless. Something that needs to be changed. Animal testing has been going on for centuries and it will probably continue that way if we don’t share the truth. Humans do not think that animals are on the same level as them so they treat them horriblyShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some animals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesUsing helpless animals for the benefit of human beings goes back thousands of years. A common theme has been present: the use of these animals has been necessary for survival. Of late, these essential sacrifices have metamorphosed into yield-less speculations. Animal testing is wrong based on these premises: there are available alternatives to direct testing on live animals, the results acquired rom the tests are inaccurate and repetitive, and ultimately it is speciesism, which is comparable to racismRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1578 Words   |  7 PagesEngland Anti-Vivisection Society on their research from Harm and Suffering, â€Å"[e]very year in the U.S., over 25 million animals are used in biomedical experimentation, product and cosmetic testing, and science education.† Animal testing has been traced back to Aristotle and Erasistratus who according to Rachel Hajar from Animal Testing and Medicine, â€Å"[were] [e]arly Greek physician-scientists† that have conducted animal experiments. Another physician who has performed animal experimentations, GalenRead MoreAnimal Testing Speech Outline965 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Introduction Attention-getter: Visualize yourself somewhere locked and isolated, whether it is a closet, a cage, or a box. Now visualize yourself being constantly controlled, not being able to choose when to eat, when to drink, or even when to sleep. Thesis: Animal testing is a heavy topic that usually goes unnoticed. To many scientists, animal testing is beneficial and to society it is morally wrong. Credibility: After doing our extensive research, we are knowledgeable about animalRead MoreHuman Testing On Human Beings1727 Words   |  7 Pageschemicals effect humans and animals? The answer is, we must perform test on something that is similar to the human species. Animals having similar traits and features in the body have often been the experimentation method of choice. By using animals in testing has raised a lot of concern and controversy over the years, but so has testing on human beings. One of the most horrifying examples of human testing was during World War II, the Nazi party in its quest to create the ultimate human species,Read MoreAnimal Testing: The Future of Pharmaceuticals Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagespoisons, through animal testing, they have been donned to be unsafe for people and environment. Without animal testing, the general public would still be using these hazardous chemicals. Many humanitarians may be opposed to testing chemicals on animals, but if scientists didn’t test on animals, individuals would have to test the deadly chemicals or live in a world where people don’t know if the chemicals they are using are poisonous and lethal to the human society. Animal testing may be wrong inRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pagesjudged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous words still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe themRead MoreThe Morality Of Animal Testing And Its Effect On The Biomedical And Consumer World1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Morality of Animal Testin g and its Effect on the Biomedical and Consumer World Animal testing has been a controversial problem in today’s society and it affects people from all over the world1 not just animal activists or scientists. Most of the products and medicines used today have been tested on animals. These animals used in experiments have been thought to only benefit society but morally this hurts our society. This hurts our society because now animal testing has become a social normalityRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Cruel And Inhumane1229 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of complications among human beings citing the various changes of conditions from day to day. Scientists are charged with the techniques to finding solutions to the complicated health issues facing humans that have no solution. The risks associated with the pursuit of the solution has made the scientists to be cautious of their actions, an action that led to most of them opting for the use of animals to carry out the tests before implementing the solution for human beings. The idea has alwaysRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Made A Better Society For People1551 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing has many advantages that have made a better society for people. Animal testing can be defined as, â€Å"the use of non-human animals in research and development projects, esp. for purposes of determining the safety of substances such as foods or drugs† (â€Å"Dictionary 1†). Animal testing is literally how it sounds to others. Animals are being tested on in order to try different products made by scientists in order to better the society. One advantage of animal testing is that animal testing

First Wave Feminist Movemnt - 2207 Words

First Wave Feminist Movement Introduction Feminism is considered a political concept. It is an analysis of why and how women are oppressed. It is a vision of a society where women are liberated and sex role stereotypes are no more. It is also a conviction that oppression of women is a contradiction in society. Women feminists fought for their right to not be property, rights to their inheritance, rights to an education and to a religion that was not patriarchal. Even though feminism had been seen for quite some time, the actual term feminist was not first used until 1912. The modern feminist movement began a as result of sweeping social, political and industrial changes in Europe and the United†¦show more content†¦The women were also not content with men making all of the decisions, in all aspects. Women wanted to be included in positions of decision-making. The beginning of the women movement in America can be marked by the Seneca Falls Convention in July 1848 (DeFonza). Abolition and Suffrage Aligns Although the alignment was difficult at first, black and white women formed bonds in the 20th century. They had a common goal of equality for all women. Women of color continued to participate and representatives such as Ida B. Wells and Mary Church Terrell also strove to show how the linkage of sexism and racism functioned as the main means of white male dominance (Krolokke, 4). The first wave of feminism grew out of the major reform movement, abolitionism (DuBois). The women working in abolition found that they were not allowed to fully and equally participate in the decision making processes of the movement. In 1869, the Suffrage movement split into two factions. One was the National Woman Suffrage Association, which was more radical and would not compromise on the issue of black mens suffrage; meaning that both men and women should be granted suffrage at the same time. It was seen that the best way to get the vote would be through a constitu tional amendment. The other was the American Woman

The Mechanical Disaster

Question: Discuss about the Mechanical Disaster. Answer: Introduction: Essay A RMS Titanic existed as a British travellerliner, which lapsed in the North Atlantic Ocean during the initial morning on 15 April 1912, as soon as crashing with an iceberg throughout the maiden voyage starting from Southampton to New York City. Over 1500, travellers died in the lapsing out of the total 2,224 travellers as well as the crew on board, which made it the mercantile peacetime maritime tragedy in the recent account. The biggest ship afloat by the period it came into the facility, the RMS Titanic stayed as a second of all the Olympic Class Sea liners managed using the White Star Line, as well as was constructed by the shipyard Wolf and Harland in the field of Belfast. Her designer Thomas Andrews also expired in that dejected tragedy. A radiotelegraph transmitter with an elevated power was offered for transferring traveler "marconigrams" as well as for the effective use of the ship. Following that Titanic entitled at Cherbourg before heading west in the direction of New York. On April 14, 1912, concerning 375 miles as well as four days within the passage, the ship crashed into an iceberg during 11:40 pm(Coyles, 2013). The crash initiated the ships plates to collapse inwards next to starboard area and unlocked five out of sixteen impermeable partitions to the ocean; the ship steadily overflowed with water. An unequal number of males were missed aboard due to women and children procedure for piling lifeboats. During 2:20 am the ship ruined apart including well above one thousand persons aboard. Below two hours, following the sinking of Titanic, the Cunard liner, RMS Carpathia reached during the sinking incident, where the ship leads to aboard an approximated 705 people who survived. The tragedy meted with the jolt a ll over the world.When the ship collapsed with an iceberg, the steel of hull as well as the twisted metal rivets were not successful due to the fragile fracture. The reasons for the fragile fracture consist of heavy impact loading, minimal temperatureand large matters of sulphur too. Next to the materialistic failure, an inadequate or indigent design of the impermeable sections in the lower area of the Titanic was a cause of that tragedy. Following the crash with an iceberg, the region of the hull out of these sixteen sections was destroyed. Clinching off the sections was finalized instantly after the destruction was recognized, however as the ship bow has initiated to pitch further from the mass of the moving water in that region of the Titanic, the water started to drop over into the adjoining sections. Though the sections were called impermeable, they were in fact only horizontally permeable, their clippings were unlocked, and the fortifications expanded only some feet over the waterline (Feng, 2013). Moreover, the sections, which were impermeable, were ineffective to deal with the destruction caused due to an iceberg.Various scientists investigating the tragedy have even presumed that the impermeable sections have been a factor for the disaster by holding the water flooded in the ships bow. Essay B More new safety methods could have been involved such as certifying that extra lifeboats were supplied, drills of the lifeboat were appropriately carried out as well as the wireless apparatus on the traveler ships was operated about the clock, and if these were followed the situation of the disaster would have been better. Moreover, if the control on the amount of lifeboats that ship has to transport would have been up to date and satisfactory, the lifeboats would have been crewed correctly, and there would be no collapse(Han, Liu, Gao, 2014). The material used including the hull steel as well as slant iron rivets could have been better with an adequate amount of sulphur, phosphorus and oxygen and sharp amount of manganese as well as the impact weight. There could be a proper twisting of the plastic in the hull steel, boundaries could be sharp, and the impermeable or waterproof sections in the ship could not be constructed to avoid the arriving water from spreading out. If the similar parts were designed in the future, there would be no fragile fracture due to the strong materials, and no collision would occur if it happens there will be adequate time for the neighboring ships to facilitate and help the sufferer one. Frequently, a lack of engineering ethics is discovered to be the most important reason s for a failure in engineering. In today's world, a mechanical engineer is for making public relaxed, happy, at ease, safe as well as rich in their lives. As a future engineer in mechanics, my personal notes to advance this specific design are to make safe materials, some pioneering techniques for ship construction, the strong edges and hull steel so as to avoid the fracture or the breakage, build safe and balanced parts, manage temperature conditions and balance the sulphur content(Ratnayake, 2014). My idea is to make new safety systems and alarms for the public, the strong bottom plate of the hull to avoid piercing, make a system so that the impermeable sections can stay unharmed, as the ship should remain floating with at least two impermeable sections flooded. Moreover, the altitude of the ships bulkheads should be raised, and should me prepared incombustible. Second interior hull should be fitted to make them extra impact resilient. As a mechanical engineer, I think that the lenthy future of effect resilient materials will depend on manufacturing new complexes as well as the make-up at the molecular stage, i.e, the nanomaterials w hich own the properties of excessive strength as well as less size. Moreover, there should be perfect frequency ratio so that the ships could converse with port system and other neighbouring ships so as to transmit information for the protection. From the point of safety, more lifeboats should be supplied and examination should be passed out as well as all the travellers should have the migration process explained. Lifeboats should be completely or partly enclosed to raise defence against the factors, as well as crisis immersion clothes must also be available for the travellers. Essay C In general, embryonic-country engineering construction is branching out and touching into supplementary capital concentrated areas, for instance, metal merchandise, chemicals, machines, and paraphernalia. And weighty industries, conventionally for the most part contaminate, have been mounting proportionate to light industry. The materials that are used in construction are playing a key role in deciding its longevity. The important characteristics employed in deciding the materials to be used on the factors such as density, cost, tensile strength, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poissons ratio, elastic limit, resilience, ductility, malleability, toughness, strain hardening experiment, shear strength, fracture toughness, and endurance limit. Once the materials pass such tests, it can be successfully used in the construction of the desired object. Boat constructionis amongst the oldest divisions of engineering and is concerned amidcreatingboats. When the Titanic ship sank for example, then various researches started to be done (Bagnoli, 2015). One of the researches claimed the materialised in its construction to be a reason for its sinking. According to the research,it was observed that the wrought iron deployed in making the ship wasnt good enough (Stettler Thomas, 2013). The iron hulls that were preferred in making the ship for the reason that it lasted to a large extent longer as compared to the timber ship, possibly would hold supplementary freight, as well as was not effortlessly smashed by moorland mishap and crashes, and their fewer massive constituent parts supposed that it may lug overweight cargoes. The potency of iron aimed that generously proportioned additional open cargo seize possibly would be build, leading to superior speediness. But it suffered certain drawbacks as well, like easily rotten and heavy in. So, with the advancement in technology newer concepts were employed and hence iron was replaced by aluminum which provided the requisite strength,and on the other hand was very lighter that helped in lower fuel consumption and more load carrying capacity (Tjahjanti, Manfaat, Panunggal, Darminto, Nugroho, 2013). The hull of the Titanic also was seen to possess rivets some of which were made of mild steels and iron (Stettler Thomas, 2013). Arivetessentially is an enduring perfunctoryclosure. They were triple riveted and double riveted in the Titanic so as to assure the maximum strength in areas where a maximum amount of flex stresses were thought to be present. Though the steel rivets offered good strength, their counterparts made of wrought iron offered lesser strength. These wrought iron rivets became one of the causes of the sinking of the ship. Nowadays, thanks to the spectacular technological advances the use of wrought iron rivets has almost taken a back seat. The rivets are being made, using steel so that utmost strength and lightness can be provided to the ship. Steel, has a reliable amount of carbon right the way through. It is as well a bugdefiant, and furthermore; it shall never rot. These enduring properties of steel make it favorite in making rivets for the ship construction. It has been an important part of our life and will carry on for the future years. Essay D Aluminium metal is deficient in the strength in its pure form. To recover this deficiency and maintain its minimal density as well as less weight, some elements are included into it to pin displacements dropping the ductility but increasing its strength. Pure metal is blended with the other metals to produce alloys with excessive strength. General additives which are used to enhance the strength as well as the formability of metal aluminium consists of magnesium, copper, and silicon as well. Alloys of aluminium and zinc are the strongest ones present nowadays. Moreover, these are generally utilized by various industries such as aerospace industries. Due to this process, few alloys of aluminium can be solid as steel. Including copper in aluminum will increase its strength as well as hardness too and turn it heat curable. Secondly, including magnesium increases the tensile potency and gives resistance to corrosion. All this is done with the aluminum's structure having dislocations that turn it ductile as well as malleable. When strength is operated on metal, the dislocations may shift with particular slip panes, leading to deform the metal(Xiong, Zhuang, Zhang, 2015). When these dislocations are prohibited from shifting in this method, there is a great rise in its strength. Next method is precipitation hardening, which is also known as age hardening, is a technique of heat treatment. This method is used to raise the yielding strength of the metals, which are flexible such as aluminium. In super alloys, it affects anomaly of yield strength offering excessive temperature strength. This method relies on variations in fixed solubility as well as temperature to turn out minute substances of a contamination phase that obstructs the change in dislocation. As dislocations are habitually the leading transporters of plasticity, so this hands out to strengthen the material and make it hard. Same as the development of ice in the air or atmosphere may turn out particles with discrete sizes(Routledge, 2012). Contrast to normal tempering; these alloys should be maintained at raised temperature for some time to let precipitation occur and delay here is known as aging. Two distinct treatments of heat including precipitates can change the potency of the substance: soluti on heat-treatment and another one is the precipitation heat-treatment. Strengthening of the solid solution includes the creation of a particular phase hard solution through quenching. This precipitation heat treatment includes the insertion of impure substances to raise the strength of the material. Few alloys can be strengthened by heat-treating and then hasty cooling. This procedure immobilizes the atoms in the same place which makes the final metal stronger. On the other hand, a few aluminium metal is sometimes cold worked- frequently by rolling it, then stretching forming, for strengthening it more. It impedes the motion of atoms comparative to each one which strengthens the end product. The toughest aluminium alloys can achieve strengths as high as 72,000 pounds for each square inch. An aluminium wire of 1.2 inch prepared from this method could swing the entirely-encumbered tractor in the space. References Alario, M. Freudenburg, W. (2010). Environmental Risks and Environmental Justice, Or How Titanic Risks Are Not So Titanic After All*. Sociological Inquiry, 80(3), 500-512. Burkhart, F. (2012). Titanic: the optics of undersea discovery. SPIE Newsroom. Capuzzi, S., Timelli, G., Capra, L., Romano, L. (2016). Influence of Salt Quantity on Recovery Yield of Heterogeneous Aluminium Scrap. AMR, 1139, 16-19. Coyles, D. (2013). Reflections on Titanic Quarter: the cultural and material legacy of an historic Belfast brand. The Journal Of Architecture, 18(3), 331-363. Fedorowicz, Z. (2010). NHS Titanic?. JRSM, 103(11), 432-432. FENG, P. (2013). Symmetry Groups of Mechanical Parts and Its Application in Design for Assembly. Journal Of Mechanical Engineering, 49(11), 98. Han, Z., Liu, M., Gao, Y. (2014). Mechanical Properties of Stone Masonry Mechanical Properties. AMM, 507, 277-280 Hochrainer, S. Pflug, G. (2009). Natural Disaster Risk Bearing Ability of Governments: Consequences of kinked utility. Journal Of Natural Disaster Science, 31(1), 11-21. King, J., Ajao, A., Lichenstein, R., Magder, L. (2014). Surge in Hospitalizations Associated With Mechanical Ventilator Use During Influenza Outbreaks. Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness, 8(02), 136-142 Kobayashi, T. Toda, H. (2007). Strength and Fracture of Aluminium Alloys. Materials Science Forum, 539-543, 127-134. Liou, N., Chen, S., Lu, M. (2010). The Mechanical Properties of Caladium Petiole. Strain, 47, 333-340. Noji, E. (2000). The Public Health Consequences of Disasters. Prehospital And Disaster Medicine, 15(04), 21-31. Ratnayake, R. (2014). KBE development for criticality classification of mechanical equipment: A fuzzy expert system. International Journal Of Disaster Risk Reduction, 9, 84-98. ReBagnoli, F. (2015). Sinking with the Titanic.Europhysics News,46(2), 30-31. Routledge, P. (2012). Safe prescribing: a Titanic challenge. British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, 74(4), 676-684. Stettler, J. Thomas, B. (2013). Flooding and structural forensic analysis of the sinking of the RMS Titanic.Ships And Offshore Structures,8(3-4), 346-366. Stettler, J. Thomas, B. (2013). Flooding and structural forensic analysis of the sinking of the RMS Titanic.Ships And Offshore Structures,8(3-4), 346-366. Tjahjanti, P., Manfaat, D., Panunggal, E., Darminto, D., Nugroho, W. (2013). Numerical Modeling of Ship Composite-Based on Aluminum Casting as Alternative Materials for Ship Building.AMR,789, 143-150. Xiong, Y., Zhuang, W., Zhang, M. (2015). Effect of the thickness of cold sprayed aluminium alloy coating on the adhesive bond strength with an aluminium alloy substrate. Surface And Coatings Technology, 270, 259-265. Xu, J. (2010). Classification and Coding Method of Mechanical Parts for the Design Process of Mass Customization. Journal Of Mechanical Engineering, 46(11), 149.

How are act 1, scene 1 and act 3, scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet made exciting for the audience Essay Example For Students

How are act 1, scene 1 and act 3, scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet made exciting for the audience ? Essay Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares most famous plays. He starts the drama with an epic prologue. Shakespeare knew what appealed to the people in the theatre. They liked jokes about: sex, female and male relationships, racy jokes and puns. Shakespeare has tangled all of these and more into a magnificent piece of dramatic art. One of the ways Shakespeare makes this scene dramatically effective is the way he uses fighting and conflict for example Do you bite your thumb at me sir? I do bite my thumb, Sir This quote sparks off the main fighting between the Capulets and the Montagues. This quote plays a big part in the play because its shocking. It shocks the audience and offends the character. Because its a common swear word in a non common environment. Therefore making it offensive and making an action packed start to the play. Shakespeare turns the smallest fight into a big brawl. By the end of this scene the whole of Verona is in on the fighting for example Clubs, bills and partisans ! Strike, beat them down. Down with Montagues ! Down with Capulets ! This quote shows that the villagers are neutral This means they cant decide who to support. For example, they may feel that if they support the Montagues and the Montagues lose then they will become weak. This may also let the Capulets have the upper hand , therefore giving them more power and therefore causing more and more conflict. We will write a custom essay on How are act 1, scene 1 and act 3, scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet made exciting for the audience ? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Shakespeare has chosen a wide range of characters which entertain the audience. They go from fiery and aggressive to cool and collected. For example, Tybalts entrance is very melodramatic, the audience find out what his character is like by the way he acts and the drama he uses in his first lines What are thou drawn among these heartless hinds? Turn thee Benvolio. Look upon thy death This portrays Tybalt as a heartless monster and an evil villain. What, drawn and talk of peace ? I hate the word. As I hate hell, all Montagues. This quote shows how vindictive Tybalt is. He is as fiery as a dragon from the depths of hell. Benvolio however is a whole different person Benvolio is cool, calm, collected and tries to avoid conflict and trouble. Benvolio has more respect for his cousin than Tybalt has for his. As the drama rises in this opening scene, Benvolio tries to put a stop to it I do but keep the peace. Put up thy sword, or manage it to part these men with me. This shows that Benvolio wants everyone to calm down and stop. This shows Benvolio doesnt want to cause trouble and therefore not anger the prince. The drama the prince creates is through the way he shows himself when telling off the boys. Rebellious subjects enemies to peace, profaners of this neighbour stained steel will they not hear ? .etc. This shows that the Prince is the boss and that if anyone messes with him or with his town they will pay. This is shown later on in the speech when he says Have thrice disturbed the quiet of our streets This then shows that the boys are in more trouble than they had thought this is shown again later on in the speech when he says If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. This now shows there will definitely be more trouble. Therefore intriguing the audience. .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d , .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .postImageUrl , .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d , .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d:hover , .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d:visited , .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d:active { border:0!important; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d:active , .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u68f9a41be835006187c27a1844ce1b1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hound of baskervilles EssayAct 3, scene 1 One of the ways Shakespeare makes this scene dramatically effective is the way he uses intermit, verbal, abusive content and the way all of a sudden an explosion of fighting, fear and tragedy breaks out. This attracts the audience to sit on the edge of their seats and gawp. This is shown when Mercutio starts to wind up Tybalt O calm, dishonourable vile submission! Alla stoccata carries it away. Tybalt, you rat catcher, will you walk? This gives us the impression that Mercutio is reeling Tybalt in. It sounds like he is prodding Him with a stick. Therefore Tybalt fights back as we see when Mercutio is killed. This shows Tybalt as a fox sly, cunning and quick. In this part of the play Romeo is shown as a soppy puppy. So love sick he cant see straight. Therefore he doesnt realise what is happening between Mercutio and Tybalt, until its to late then he turns to a violent murderer. This shows us that he has completely forgotten about Juliet. And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now. Now Tybalt take the Villain back again That late thou gavest me, for Mercutios soul This quote shows us that Tybalt hasnt got a chance and that Romeo is so angry that he will do anything to kill Tybalt. Romeos temperament has changed dramatically throughout the play. Therefore making it quite significant. It all starts off when he is besotted with his Rosalyn and then suddenly it all changes BANG hes in love with a girl he has never met before and wants to marry her as soon as possible. Then again it changes again BANG he is so mad at Tybalt for killing his best friend he couldnt care less about Juliet ! This all shows us that he is a bit of a Drama queen and has the temper of a rottweiler !! Conclusion In conclusion I feel that these two scenes give a good contrast of romance, conflict, pain and suffering ! In my opinion I feel that Shakespeare has really shown two aspects of society, for example: Rich Vs Poor and Black Vs white and even Ego Vs Ego !!!! Shakespeare has shown that conflict is all around and that especially back then, society was a big thing. Therefore I feel that Romeo and Juliet makes a great epic to compare modern day life with now !!!!!

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest And Fahrenheit 451 Essays

One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Fahrenheit 451 The "system" is something that people are always out to change. You see people trying to change it all the time, but few are actually successful at changing the system. The system can be a variety of things. In some cases it is the government, it can be the a boss or basically anything or anyone that has some type of control or authority. For some people fighting the system is their livelihood, their mission in life. They try to change the system because of the corruption, because of unjust actions, because they were a victim of it or to seek the truth. In the novels One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the main characters are out to change the system. Based on the novel by Ken Kesey, it seems that his perspective on this issue is that the system is in dire need of change. Even if you are not successful in changing the system, it is still very effective that you tried and you set an example for others to follow. Kesey also seems to believe that persistence is key when fighting the system. Kesey believes that even if you change a small aspect of the system it was well worth the fight. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, the main character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, fights to change the system in a mental hospital. McMurphy is outgoing, a leader and a rebel. There was a constant power struggle in the novel between the patient's new found savior McMurphy, and the evil Nurse Ratched who rules their wing of the hospital with an iron fist. McMurphy fights to change the system to try to win back the patients' rights and in the process gain more privileges for the patients and himself. McMurphy also seems to get pleasure out of fighting the sy stem. His motives are simple, he wants to help out his fellow patients, his friends, to make their lives better. McMurphy was successful in changing many of the rules and regulations that were imposed upon them by Nurse Ratched. McMurphy was a very inspirational speaker and during the regularly occurring meetings between the patients and the doctors he would rally the patients to fight against Nurse Ratched. Thus he was able to win back some of their rights. McMurphy also uses his cunning wit and his skills as a con man to persuade the doctors into giving the patients more rights and activities. McMurphy is able to con Dr. Spivey to get a room where he and a bunch of other patients can go to play cards without the loud music coming over the intercom. During one of the meetings between the patients and the doctors, you can see how McMurphy has played Dr. Spivey like a fiddle. "You see, McMurphy and I were talking about that age-old problem we have on this ward: the mixed population, the young and the old together. It's not the most ideal surroundings for our Therapeutic Community, but Administration says there's no helping it with the Geriatric Building overloaded the way it is...In our talk, however, McMurphy and I did happen to come up with an idea which might make things more pleasant for both age groups. McMurphy mentioned that he had noticed some of the old fellows seemed to have difficulty hearing the radio. He suggested the speaker be turned up louder so the Chronics with auditory weaknesses could hear it...But I told him I had received previous complaints from some of the younger men that the radio is already do loud it hinders conversations and reading...I agreed with him that it did seem a shame and was ready to drop the matter when I happened to think of the old tub room...We don't use the room at all...So how would a group like to have that ro om as a sort of second day room, a game room, shall we say?" (p.99) This is one of many battles between McMurphy and the system. This one he happened to win, but in real life many fights against the system are lost. Even though McMurphy loses some of his fights,

Amira Sbaa Mand Essays

Amira Sbaa Mand Essays Amira Sbaa Mand Essay Amira Sbaa Mand Essay Once you have read the text, answer the following questions: a)latently and analyses the main problems that you can find in this company The main problems that the company had was a loose organizational structure when the company internationalization. There was a situation where branches of Phillips were working independently as fully functional national units, with their own manufacturing, marketing and distribution system. Another problem was lots of bureaucracy and high inefficiency. The company had a huge workforce but the products were not innovative and the manufacturing costs were high . Philips products were considered by customers as behind the times. This problem came along with the panorama in which Japan new companies were emerging with flashy, competitively priced, and well-made products that would compete with Philips in the market. And the last problem that found, was that Philips, even though it used to make important breakthroughs, was not able to take commercial advantage of them, being hose innovative products copied by competitors in a really short period of time.

Non Profit Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non Profit Reflection - Essay Example The larger organizations are required to present published financial reports showing their income and expenditure in details for the public. Bearing in mind that the non profit organization have workers like board members, committee members and others who ensure there operations, it raises eyebrows on their pay. Some may be volunteers but it has been noted that non profit organization are among well paying jobs. These organizations are funded by donations, grants, from public and other organizations hence drawing down a suitable financial plan is very important. Otherwise the non profit organization could free their activities in jeopardy. The non profit organizations have played a great role in the society in offering very important services. Some of the notable are the Mozilla firefox and American Heart Association among others. Mozilla firefox provides free internet services with close to 20% of internet users who access their services absolutely free, surfing and downloading information. The mozilla firefox management relies on donations to get money for maintaining their systems and protecting users from computer crimes that include harking. Firewall has established security features that help protect user as they are browsing. Another means of assisting the management of Mozilla firefox is that, users (meaning us) distribute the browser, update it and maintain it free of charge, having no experience in this field, is give my full support through donations. Being a frequent user of the internet, I find it necessary to fund the program that help me find important information about dignitaries and other issues I ma y be looking up. Another group of donors who made an impact on the American heart association are; Lockhead Martin Range Rover, and Northrup Grumman. Another style that has been used to help fund non profit organization is through some food retailers who place a certain fraction on the price that goes to organizations like American heart Association. These food retailers have a direct influence on our lives and the mange to obtain our money to assist others who are in need. The American heart Association offers free medical services to people with cardio vascular problems to reduce chances of death and possible disabilities like stroke. Alternatively we may offer support by doing some of the things that have been almost forgotten for example participating in marathon run to raise money for heart foundation or jumping a rope. Such activities usually turn out to be very useful for example the Multiple sclerosis bike ride I did some times back. Many family members, friends, and colleagues were very much corporative and raised a lot of funds. Why Fund Non Profit Organizations I have always wondered why it was expensive to visit a game park or National forest for instance. Giving it a second thought, one realizes that there is a lot of manpower involved in maintaining and landscaping the area, these services need to be paid for. I have leant a lot of things and feel that it's sensible to finance. This also applies to other areas like the zoo as the animals need medical attention, food and housing. Some of the non profit

SWOT Analysis. Advantages and limitations Essay

SWOT Analysis. Advantages and limitations - Essay Example Strengths are the qualities that enable one to achieve the organization’s assignment. Strengths are the beneficial aspects of the organization or the ability of an organization that includes human capabilities, financial resources, products and services. Weaknesses are the qualities that prevent an organization from achieving its goals. Opportunities are the essentials that the organization can adventure to its advantage. They are presented by the environment which an organization is based. Threats are the elements that cause problems for an organization. A threat occurs when an external environment endangers the ability of an organization to maximize profit (Pahl et al, 2009). Strength and weaknesses of the organization There is various strength I exposed in this organization. We have a good management approaches and corporate polices in the organization management system that enables good management process, we own a clinical research center. It is a center of excellence that runs clinical research, we have a highly skilled clinical staff that attends to patients with dignity and courteousness, we have local aids that are willing to participate in the running of the organization, we have a history of a successful open day proceedings with the community that surrounds us, the clinic has a philosophy of honesty, commitment and sharing to increasing patient self-assurance and the patients’ involvement in matters related to the services.... some surgeries and procedures are still too difficult to perform at the organization, for example, complex neuro surgeries which mean that patients have to be referred to a more advanced hospital. Poor location or geographic barriers are another weakness. We have a weakness in getting the potential patients nearby. Due to many specialist hospitals nearby that try to capture same area patients’ sources, the competition is aggressive Opportunity and threats for the external environment factors: Opportunity: Technological- better and advanced medical technology includes a wide variety of healthcare products. This intends to improve the quality of healthcare. Political- change in governmental politics. This can influence the service in that when the government introduces services that are of low tax and insurance products that favor the public this will enable many to run for the opportunities instead of avoiding medical facility due to low affordability rate. Competitive- due to Competitor vulnerabilities we will be able to excel in their areas of weakness thus improve the output level. Regulatory- this can be depicted through lowering of taxes by the government. This will enable the public access the organization products and services with ease. Social- in the social perspective, the population is expected to grow by 2015, the healthcare sector is expected continue to grow. Older age population will increase the demand for healthcare services. The country’s healthcare expenditure is predictable to grow from the current 3% of GDP to 6% of GDP by 2015. With the rising household income and improved life quality, the organization may benefit by capture this business segment opportunities. Economic- the organization can expand to other locations to serve more population

Management accounting and control (5-8) Coursework

Management accounting and control (5-8) - Coursework Example In this context we can comfortably say that knowledge and insights from budgeting are helpful in designing budgetary systems and setting of budgets for organizations (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). The ability to effectively formulate budgetary systems and set budgets through insights from budgets is very important for any given form of organization. This is because such tools can be used in the setting of standards of performance, motivating the stakeholders of the organization and providing the tools used for the measurement of results which are direly needed in the fulfillment of the organizational goals. The process of budgeting normally begins from a zero based perspective (Wiseman 2010). The organization starts from zero and determines the need of each department and program. This approach tends to provide a more accurate budget as opposed to an allowed incremental increase each year. Budgets are meant to be conservative hence there needs to be an overestimation when it comes to th e expenses while the revenues require to be underestimated. This is for the sake of flexibility required in the system hence assisting in the design of a budgetary system. Insights from the knowledge of budgeting plays a critical roles in supporting the strategic plans of organizations where many factors like technology needs, capital improvements, overhead needs, planned giving and capital campaign revenue and borrowing funds. These are key components when it comes to formulation of budgeting systems and setting of budgets (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). Annual budgeting is a must for organizations as technology in form of software and hardware becomes more sophisticated. Budgeting and budgeting systems for technology requires that the organization realizes and sets budgets for the replacement of computers. Taking care of such grand company costs requires that there is a plan ahead to save on costs which may otherwise go to a waste if there are no proper budgetary systems and accurate budgets set (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). Knowledge from budgets is useful in the determination of funding required for capital improvements and this is important for organizations across the divide (Seal & Garrison 2009). Knowledge from budgetary costs are applicable in the realization that utility costs are not a constant factor despite the fact of impossibility of prediction of fluctuations and in establishing budgetary systems and setting of budgets, the economic conditions of the time are much applicable. Budgets in the are used in the formulation of budgetary systems through an in depth look at the expenses by the organization (Wiseman 2010). Borrowing though not considered as a part of any financial strategy in the organization. The use of borrowed funds helps organizations be in the position of undertaking a lot in terms of the organization growth. Generally, budgeting involves a complete process which ranges from identification, collection, summarization and communication of financial and non-financial information of a given organization. In managerial accounting process the budgeting system helps in the planning of the course of action that can be undertaken by an organization to help in seeing through future transactions (Wildavsky & Swedlow 2001). The budgets and knowledge of budgets enables corporations to formulate some form of common goals for the sake

Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in India

Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in India Introduction According to WHO (2007) coronary heart disease (CHD) (including Myocardial ischemia) is the most common cause of death in the world and the biggest cause of premature death in modern and industrialised countries (Lopez et al., 2006; Lindsay and Gaw, 2004). In 2001, ischemic heart disease accounted for 7.1 million deaths worldwide among which 5.7 million (80%) deaths were in developing and underdeveloped countries (Lopez et al., 2006). Although geographical variations such as ethnic origin and social class influence the CHD mortality rates (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004), coronary heart disease remains common globally despite the development of a range of treatments (Brister et al., 2007). There is evidence that ethnicity is an important factor for coronary heart disease (Gupta et al., 2002; Brister et al., 2007) and a number of studies have suggested that there is increased incidence in coronary artery disease in South Asians (people originating from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) when compared to the white population (Brister et al., 2007). South Asian people also have a greater risk of coronary heart disease than others from developed countries (Mohan et al., 2001; Joshi et al., 2007). In 2002 India had the highest number of deaths over 1.5 million due to coronary heart disease (Reddy et al., 2004). By 2010, it is expected that 66% of the worlds heart disease is likely to occur in India (Ghaffar, 2004). Therefore, this dissertation will focus on the prevalence of CHD in India and the impact of life style in the aetiology of CHD. There is wide range of evidence regarding the incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in India (Reddy, 2004; Kasliwal et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2006; Brister et al., 2007), including Indian, British and Singaporean journal articles. This dissertation is broken down into three parts: the first discusses the topic in relation to the existing literature on the prevalence of CHD in India; the second part is a critical appraisal of the risk factors and the impact of life style of CHD in Indians; While the third presents the management of CHD, and includes a discussion of the nursing implications and future research into this area. Background THE DISEASE ASPECT- CORONARY HEART DISEAS/CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Definitions Coronary heart disease â€Å"CHD covers a spectrum of disease such as angina, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, ischemic cardiomyopathy, chronic heart failure and a proportion case of sudden cardiac death† (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004 pg no. 1). Acute coronary syndrome This is the clinical entity of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction. Myocardial Infarction â€Å"it is a condition that results from diminished oxygen supply coupled with inadequate removal of metabolites because of reduced perfusion to the heart muscle† (Woods et al., 2005 pg no. 541) Angina â€Å"A condition characterised by chest pain or discomfort from myocardial ischemia† (Woods et al., 2005 pg no. 541) Overview of Coronary Artery Disease CHD is the major cause of death in most countries and is considered almost to be an epidemic in western countries (Lippincott, 2003). In Britain it accounts for one in three deaths in men and one in four deaths in women, while 5,000,000 deaths annually are seen in US (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). It is estimated that more than 80% of patients who develop clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD), and more than 95% of those who experience a fatal CAD event have at least one major cardiac risk factor (Greenland and Klein, 2007). CHD is more prevalent in males, whites and the middle-aged, as well as elderly people. More than 50% of males age 60 or older show signs of coronary artery disease on autopsy. The peak incidence of clinical symptoms in females is between ages 60 and 70 (Lippincott, 2003). There is a marked difference in death rates due to coronary disease between countries: for example, a 10-fold greater age-standardized death rate for men aged 35 to 74 years in Scotland compared with Japan. Within Europe, a threefold difference in death rates and disease incidence can be seen with Finland and the United Kingdom higher than Italy, France, and Spain (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). There are also marked contrasts in coronary disease mortality trends between developed and developing countries. In the United States, Western Europe, and Australia, mortality has been falling between 15 and 50 per cent for at least 20 years (Lippincott, 2003). In contrast, rates continue to rise in Eastern Europe, including Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic. The fall could be due to a fall in disease incidence or case fatality rates, or both. Although the management of acute myocardial infarction in particular has improved over this time, with case fatality rates halved, there ha s also been an increased awareness of risk factor avoidance (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). The Disease aspect Coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to nourish the heart. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it receives oxygen before it is pumped to the whole body. Because the heart is a muscle, it needs a continuous source of oxygenated blood to function. Causes and symptoms CHD is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Cholesterol and other fatty substances accumulate on the inner wall of the arteries, which in turn attracts fibrous tissue, blood components, and calcium to the inner walls of the arteries which then hardens into artery-clogging plaques (Woods et al., 2003). Atherosclerotic plaques often form blood clots that also can block the coronary arteries (coronary thrombosis). Congenital defects and muscle spasms can also block blood flow. Recent research indicates that infection from organisms such as the chlamydia bacteria may also be responsible for some cases of coronary artery disease (Warrel, 2003). A number of major contributing factors increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Some of these can be changed and some cannot. People with more risk factors are more likely to develop coronary artery disease. Major risk factors Major risk factors are those factors that lead to CHD. They are mainly classified into two groups: non-modifiable and modifiable (Lippincott, 2003). Those that cannot be changed are the non-modifiable risk factors such as: Heredity if a persons parents have coronary artery disease he/she is more likely to develop it. Sex Men are more likely to have heart attacks than women and to have them at a younger age. Age Men 45 years of age and older and women 55 years of age and older are more likely to have coronary artery disease. However now-a-days, coronary disease may occasionally strike a person in their 30s (Lippincott, 2003). Major risk factors that can be changed (modifiable risk factors) are: Smoking Smoking increases the chance of developing CHD and the chance of dying from it. High cholesterol Dietary sources of cholesterol are meat, eggs, and other animal products. There are other factors also that increase the cholesterol level such as age, sex, heredity, and diet affect ones blood cholesterol. Total blood cholesterol is considered high when it is above 240 mg/dL and borderline at 200-239 mg/dL. High blood pressure High blood pressure makes the heart work harder, also increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and congestive heart failure. A blood pressure of 140 over 90 or above is considered high. Lack of physical activity Lack of exercise increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Even modest physical activity, like walking, is beneficial if done regularly (Lippincott, 2003). Diabetes mellitus the risk of developing coronary artery disease is seriously increased in diabetics. More than 80% of diabetics die of some type of heart or blood vessel disease. Chest pain (angina) is the main symptom of coronary heart disease but it is not always present. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, and chest heaviness, tightness, pain, a burning sensation, squeezing, or pressure either behind the breastbone or in the arms, neck, or jaws (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004). Many people have no symptoms of coronary artery disease before having a heart attack: according to the American Heart Association 63% of women and 48% of men who died suddenly of coronary artery disease had no previous symptoms of the disease (Woods et al., 2001). THE COUNTRY PROFILE INDIA The country India India, situated in the South Asian region, is the seventh largest, and the second most populous, country in the world with a population of 1.103 billion (United Nations Population Division, 2005) in 32 states and union territories covering about four thousand towns and cities and about six lakhs villages (Nag and Sengupta, 1992). The population distribution is 71% rural and 29% urban (United Nation Population Division, 2005). Initially, India was a rural economy that subsequently participated in the industrial revolution with the help of colonial rule. After independence in 1947, the country followed socialist policies and hence large-scale infrastructure and industry development was carried out through the public sector. By the early 1990s, the Indian economy was opened up through liberalization and is now on the road to privatization through disinvestment policies. However, the economic growth in India during the 1990s as a result of the 1991 economic reforms has also seen an increase in poverty and a radical transformation in the well-being of the bottom half of the population (Rajeshwari et al., 2005). The consequences of these economic and social changes have led to an epidemiological transition (Joshi et al., 2006). An epidemiological transition is a focus on the complex changes in the patterns between the health and disease and the interaction between them and various other factors such as demograp hic, economic and determinants with their consequences (Omran, 2005). The urban population has increased by 4.5 times during 1951-2001 (WHO, 2000). The life expectancy from birth for males is 62 and females 64 (WHO, 2008). While the crude mortality rate is decreasing the percentage of children under 15 is declining (WHO, 2007). Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2006): 109. Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2006): 4.9 (WHO, 2008). The leading cause of mortality after death during childbirth is cardiovascular disease, accounting for 188 deaths per 100,000 population (WHO, 2005). The health care system of India is overseen by two different bodies: The Department of Health Family Welfare. The Department of AYUSH (Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathic Medicines). Each state has a Ministry of Health Family Welfare although their organization differs from state to state. Generally, there is a Directorate of Health Services providing technical assistance. Some states have a separate Directorate of Medical Education Research, and some have a separate Director of Ayurveda or Director of Homeopathy (WHO, 2007). In rural areas, Community Health Centres serve estimated populations of 100,000 and provide speciality services in general medicine, paediatrics, surgery and obstetrics gynaecology. However, there is still a shortfall in the number of community health centres in the rural areas of India. A Primary Health Centre (PHC) covers around 30,000 people (20,000 in hilly, desert or difficult terrain) and is staffed by a medical officer, and one male and one female health assistant along with supporting staff. A sub-centre serves around 5,000 people (3000 in difficult terrain) and is supported by one male and one female multipurpose health worker. T hese workers and health assistants have different designations in different states. Playing an equally important role in curative and preventive care in urban areas is the private sector. A large number of private practitioners exist and there are many large and small hospitals and nursing homes along with a large number of voluntary organizations providing health care (Bhat, 1993). Chapter One: Literature Review Aims The aim of this review is To analyze the prevalence of CHD in India To analyze the mortality rates related to CHD To understand the aetiology of CHD in India This review will also include a comparison study of the prevalence of coronary heart disease among migrant Indians and the natives of the particular migrant destination countries. Reason for the selection of the topic CHD remains the largest cause of death worldwide. Mortality rates from cardiovascular disease have been known to increase from five-fold to ten-fold around the world (National Institute of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2000). A World Health Organisation (WHO) Multinational monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease (MONICA) study analysed the event rates of CHD among 38 populations between the age group 35-64years, and found variations in CHD prevalence and mortality rates among different ethnic groups (Tunstall-Pedoe et al., 1994). India is a developing country which is seeing an increased rise and prevalence of CHD (Reddy, 2004). While the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has decreased by 50% over the past 30 years in developed countries, in India it has doubled (Kasliwal et al., 2006). Prevalence is an epidemiological measure to determine a how commonly disease or condition occurs in a population, whereas incidence is another epidemiological measure that measures the rate of occurrences of new case of a disease or condition (Le and Boen, 1995). The prevalence of CHD is seen mostly from the age of 35 years and over (Kasliwal et al., 2006). CHD is the second leading cause of mortality in Indians (Patel et al., 2006). Joshi et al., (2006) conducted a survey in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh, India, the results of which suggested that vascular diseases (including ischemic heart disease and stroke which accounts for 32%) are the main cause of mortality in India when compared to other chronic conditions such as infectious and parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, intestinal conditions, HIV, neoplasm and diseases of the respiratory system. However, CHD mortality rates have decreased in by 50% in most industrialised countries since 1970s (Unal et al., 2004). In United States the decline was seen during the 1980s (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000), while in the United Kingdom the decline saw a slower pace (British Heart Foundation, 2003). In the United Kingdom the death rates fell by half in the 55-64 age group and slightly less than 40% in men aged 35-44. In women death rates fell by half and a third in those aged 55-64 years and 35-44 respectively (British Heart Foundation- BHF, 2004). However, even though the mortality rates from CHD have fallen it does not suggest that the prevalence has also fallen. The reasons for the decline are not clearly understood but some hypothesise that a reduction in smoking; management for lipid and blood pressure control; modern care for acute coronary syndrome; and secondary prevention has contributed (Luepker, 2008). The increased incidence of CHD has led to the increase in number of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts (CABG) and other cardiac surgeries. It is estimated that 25,000 CABG surgeries are carried every year in India (World Health Organisation Statistical Information System, 2003). Hence, it could be noted that in a highly populous country like India with its increased prevalence of CHD that the estimated CABG surgeries reaching to the public is actually very few. Therefore, there could be considerable gap between the public need and treatment. Therefore, the reason for this thesis is to help us understand that there is high prevalence in CHD in the Indian population; the specific reasons for this increased epidemic; and how can it be managed so the population can remain healthy. Search strategy The literature was searched with the specific intention of examining the most up-to-date data concerning the prevalence of CAD in India. The search was performed by accessing specialised scientific medical and nursing databases carrying articles regarding the specified subject area (Craig and Smyth, 2002). The databases accessed included the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Healthcare Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and MEDLINE and EMBASE using the Ovid SP interface. The keywords used for the search were: coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, and coronary heart disease, South Asians, prevalence, mortality rate, British white, Caucasians and India. The Boolean term AND was used simultaneously. The date range of the studies targeted was set between 1991 and 2009; and was chosen so the most recent evidence could be drawn on, although articles outside this date limit were also incorporated into the search so as to be able to compare whether there have been any changes in the literature over time. To focus the search more strategically the following inclusion and exclusion criteria below were applied. Inclusion and exclusion criteria used to narrow the search The inclusion criteria include prevalence of CHD in both rural and urban areas in order to compare the prevalence of CHD, the date range was set from 1991-2009 so that the recent evidence could be drawn on. The other inclusion criterions were British Indians, American Indians, migrant Indians and South Asians. The patient age group considered was from 35 years over as this matches the known incidences of coronary artery diseases (Kasliwal et al., 2006). The exclusion criteria were other cardiovascular studies such as peripheral artery disease since the literature review focussed on CAD only. Search Results Initially the search revealed 78 potentially relevant papers; however 48 did not contain data pertinent to the inclusion criteria or were not credible sources. The 30 papers that were used for the review included both qualitative and quantitative studies. They included a wide range of international literature to allow a comparison of the prevalence of CHD between British Indians and British whites. The literature that provided evidence from the Indian health care system were all medical journal articles by authors such as Bhardwaj, 2009; Mandal et al., 2008; Kamili et al., 2007; Chow et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2006; Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005; Patel et al., 2005; Sharma and Ganguly, 2005; Ward et al., 2005; Indrayan, 2004; Pinto et al., 2004; Gupta et al., 2003; Gupta and Rastogi, 2003; Gupta et al., 2002; Singh et al., 1997; Gupta et al.s 1997; Dhawan, et al 1996; Gupta et al., 1995; Gupta et al., 1993; Kutty et al. 1992. Journals from UK include Zaman et al., 2008; Whincup et al., 2002; Bhopal et al., 1999; Cappuccio et al., 1997; and Journal from Singapore are Mak et al., 2004; Tai and Tan, 2004; Kam et al 2002; Lee et al., 2001. From the analysis of the above literature the following themes were formulated The prevalence of CHD in the mother country, India, both in rural and urban areas. The reasons for the increase in CHD in India. A comparison of CHD prevalence and mortality rate between British Indians and British whites. Credibility of the Literature In order establish the evidence of increased prevalence of CHD in India it is necessary to analyse a wide range of literature. To assess the credibility and reliability of the evidence, the strengths and limitations of the texts were identified. Systematic reviews were used to determine the strength of the evidence. In the hierarchy of evidence, systemic reviews are considered the golden standard. This is because systemic reviews draw on â€Å"Statistical procedure[s] for combining data from a number of studies and investigations in order to analyse the therapeutic effectiveness of specific treatment or interventions.† (Helewa Walker, 2000, p.111). There was only one systematic review available for this literature review (Bhopal et al., 2000). This research paper has a clear search strategy stated, limits, and selection criteria. The search was limited to English research papers, however one exception was that only published studies reporting original comparative data were included. Unpublished studies and studies only reported as abstracts were not included, which ensures rigour in the analysis of the data by having a complete recount of the different studies; this also ensures that the studies had gone through an evaluation committee before being published. The conclusions reached in the systematic reviews support the conclusions reached across the other literature sourced (Mandal et al., 2008; Gupta et al.,1997). Observational studies are considered a good source of evidence, and are similar to Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in terms of effectiveness, appropriateness, and feasibility of the evidence (Craig Smith, 2002). The studies examined as part of this essay also described the setting, location, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment, exposure, follow-up, and data collection, thereby increasing their robustness (STROBE checklist, 2008). There was one observational study that mentioned its location, time period and setting, and therefore provided credible evidence for the literature review (Wilkinson, 1996). Most of the studies analysed for the literature review were population based surveys, while some studies were clearly addressed and statistically analysed (Mandal et al., 2008; Zaman et al., 2008; Chow et al., 2006; Patel et al., 2005; Mak et al., 2003; Whincup et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2001; Bhopal et al., 1999; Cappuccio et al., 1997, Gupta et al., 1997; Singh et al., 1997; Kutty et al., 1992) ethical issues were mentioned (Cappuccio et al., 1997; Kutty et al., 1992). Some studies however did not explain their statistical analysis (Bhardwaj, 2009; Pinto et al., 2004), and without knowing the specific characteristics of the statistical analysis, the studies cannot be replicated as evidence in this literature review. In regard to qualitative research, a great deal of debate is still going on regarding how to assess the quality of such work (Sandelowski, 1986). In particular, researchers suggest that it is difficult to develop a single benchmark against which the true value of claims can be judged (Craig Smith, 2002). Even though qualitative studies are not considered excellent or even good sources of evidence, based on evidence-based hierarchy, they can address questions that cannot be answered using other experimental methods (Green Britten, 1998). One qualitative study in the literature was used to examine and compare the illness beliefs of South Asian and European patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) about causal attributions and lifestyle change. The method of sampling and data analysis was appropriate. Although the reviews of the literature accessed for this literature review did not prove as rigorous as other sources of evidence, because they did not draw on empirical data, they were used to support the findings of other more robust forms of evidence, which were generated from systematic reviews, observational studies and survey. Reviews of the literature carried out by Goyal and Yusuf, 2006; Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005; Sharma and Ganguly, 2005; Tai and Tan, 2004; Barakat et al., 2003; Yusuf et al., 2001; Reddy et al., 1998 provided evidence, however the paper fails to present a search analysis. Evaluation of key studies The prevalence of CHD in India Coronary heart disease has emerged as an epidemic in India (Gupta and Rastogi, 2003). According to the National Commission and Macroeconomics and Health, Government of India the total number of CHD patients in India by the end of the century was around 30 million (5.3% ) of the adult population; this is forecast to increase to up to 60 million cases (7.6%) by the year 2015 (Indrayan, 2004). Although there are various comparative studies showing the burden of cardiovascular disease among Indian immigrants in Western countries, there has been less attention paid to CHD in India itself (Goyal and Yusuf, 2006, Reddy et al., 2004, Yusuf et al., 2001, Anand et al., 2000). Hence, this section of the literature review will focus on the prevalence of CHD in India. In developed countries, there are no rural-urban differences in the prevalence of CHD (Feinleib, 1995). However in India there is marked difference between the prevalence of CHD in the rural and urban areas with surveys showing that the prevalence rate of CHD in urban areas is about double that rural areas (Gupta et al., 2006; Reddy, 1998; Singh et al., 1996; Singh et al., 1997). Studies have been done in various states of India of the prevalence of CHD in the country. For example, Mandal et al., (2008) conducted a cross-sectional survey among the urban population of Siliguri in West Bengal, from a random sample population aged greater than or equal 40 years, to determine the prevalence of ischemic heart disease and the associated risk factors. The results showed that 11.6% had ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 47.2% had hypertension. Males had a higher (13.5%) prevalence of IHD than females (9.4%). About 5% of the patients had asymptomatic IHD. However, this study had a small sample size, which could limit the generalisability of the findings and is limited by the fact that other risk factors like diabetes and lipids were not included. On the other hand, Kutty et al. (1992) conducted a survey among the rural population of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala state, to analyse the prevalence of some indicators of coronary heart disease. The indicators included in the study were ECG changes and well-known risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, smoking and diabetes. From the above criteria it was found that rural Thiruvananthapuram has a lower prevalence of coronary heart disease when compared to urban centres like Delhi. However there were drawbacks to this study too, such as the fact that people were sampled on the basis of household list from the panchayat office (panchayat is south Asian rural political system) so anyone who did not belong to the house list in the panchayat was not included in the study. This could have caused a limitation in the generalisability of the results as there was bias in sampling technique. Similarly, Singh et al., (1997) conducted a cross- sectional survey in two villages in Northern India, which showed a significantly higher and increased prevalence of CHD in urban areas compared to rural areas. Reddy also (1998) conducted a cross-sectional survey which found the prevalence rate of CHD as being 6% in the rural areas of Haryana, India. Another study conducted was in the rural areas of Northern India in Himachal Pradesh which showed a CHD rate of 4.06% among the whole rural population in the age group between 50-59 years with a slightly higher incidence in men than women (Bhardwaj, 2009). However these research papers failed to set out their statistical analysis or research analysis, meaning that the reliability of the papers cannot be measured. Nonetheless, it can be noted that the prevalence of CHD was lower in the rural areas and also that the prevalence rates varied in different states of India. Chow et al., (2006) conducted a survey in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and levels of managing the major risk factors. Their results showed that cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent and the community knowledge about cardiovascular disease is quite good. However, the results also pointed out that even though people have the knowledge, their management for risk factors remains suboptimal. Hence it could be suggested that even though the people had good awareness regarding CHD the care provided for them was insufficient. Additionally there were a number of studies done to determine the increase in CHD prevalence in urban areas compared to rural areas of India (Pinto et al., 2004; Gupta et al., 2002; Gupta et al., 1995). However there are limitations to these studies, including such factors as: small and variable samples, low response rates, inappropriate diagnostic criteria, non-specific electrocardiographic changes, a lack of standardization, or incomplete results. Gupta et al.s (1997) survey in a rural area (Rajasthan) found that even though the prevalence of CHD was lower in the rural areas, it had nevertheless increased (to 3.4% in males and 3.7% in females) when compared to previous studies. The study was carried out with a detailed questionnaire prepared according to guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) the United States Public Health Service and a based on a review of previous Indian studies. The Performa elicited: family history of hypertension and CHD; social factors such as education, housing, type of job, stressful life events, depression, participation in religious prayer and yoga; along with conventional risk factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, amount of physical activity, diabetes, and hypertension. Blood pressure measurements and a 12 lead ECG using proper standardization were performed on all participants. Earlier studies from India used different criteria and showed higher CHD prevalence. When the diagnostic criteria in the present study are extended to include past documentation, response to WHO-Rose Questionnaire and ST-T wave changes in ECG as done in previous studies, the prevalence rises to a rate higher than those found in previous Indian rural studies. However, the results cannot be validated. For example, some of the previous studies from India included ECG criteria as the presence of left bundle branch block, complete heart block and presence of ST segment and T wave changes while some studies suggest that these findings are not reliable enough to diagnose CHD, especially so in females where ST-T changes may be non-specific (Reddy et al., 1996; Gupta et al., 1993). That said, it is clear evidence that there is still an increasing prevalence of CHD in India. Heart diseases are also occurring in Indians 5 to 10 years earlier than in other populations around the world (Dhawan, et al 1996). According to the INTERHEART study, the median age for first presentation of acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) in the South Asian (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) population is 53 years, whereas that in Western Europe, China and Hong Kong is 63 years, with more men than women affected (Yusuf et al 2004) (the INTERHEART study was a standardized case-control study that screened all patients admitted to the coronary care unit or equivalent cardiology ward for a first MI at 262 participating centres in 52 countries throughout the world). Epidemiological studies have shown that immigrant Indians share a significantly higher incidence of CHD than the native populations (Enas et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2002). The first evidence of this was found in a 1959 study among expatriate Indians in Singapore (Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005). Similarly many studies have been done in various other countries to corroborate these findings (McKeigue, 1991; Enas et al., 2005). However, in the UK it is only recently that the importance of ethnicity and disparities in regard to CHD has been realised (British Heart Foundation, 2004). Several studies have reported that there is increased prevalence of CHD in British Indians when compared to British Whites (McKeigue, 1991; Bhopal et al., 1999; Enas et al., 2005). Hence, the review of the literature clearly shows the prevalence of CHD among the urban and rural populations in In

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Interpreted :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Interpreted It is clear Hamlet can be interpreted from a multitude of perspectives on numerous levels. I cannot quite grasp Mr. Bloom's contention that this is a work of near biblical importance nor can I accept his allusions to Jesus or the Buddha. "Hamlet remains apart; something transcendent about him places him more aptly with the biblical King David, or with even more exalted scriptural figures."(Bloom, 384). My immediate response is that when Mr. Bloom shuffles off this mortal coil, I don't believe Billy Shakespeare will be waiting with a pint of ale. Professor Schechner's enjoyable production increased my appreciation of the value of wardrobe and inflection of voice. Prior to this performance I did not see Polonius as a buffoon (as portrayed by Mr. Shapli), nor the incestuous nature of Ophelia's familial relationships (Ms. Cole's ability to transform from coquette to lunatic was shocking). Doubtless there are near as many interpretations of Hamlet as there are Shakespearean aficionados. My own expertise lies in the political arena. I believe Hamlet could be construed as a treatise on aggressive, imperialist behavior. Throughout the Dramaturgic Analysis of Hamlet Prince of Denmark the indecisiveness of Hamlet is noted. He does not immediately seek vengeance but continually schemes, rants and raves (both in his rational and insane moments). Whether cowardice, caution, or simply indifference dominate his persona is unclear - what is clear is his distaste for his own behavior: "How stand I then, That have a father kill'd, a mother stain'd,...And let all sleep, while to my shame I see The imminent death of twenty thousand men... (sic)." (Shakespeare, 116). The impending doom of the twenty thousand men alludes to a campaign waged by Fortinbas, the Prince of Norway. Though the battleground is said to be of little value, Fortinbas is warring on principles of honor and the subsequent expansion of Norway. An enraged Hamlet mistakenly slays Polonius. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are sent to their inconsequential deaths only when he is inspired by pirates to save his own life. These murders involved no elaborate schemes but were simply enacted. Yet with all his planning, his opportunities, his justification, why can he not kill Claudius? The portrayal of the pirates as "merciful thieves" (Shakespeare, 124) and the fact that warlike Fortinbras succeeds in Poland and obtains the Kingdom of Denmark by play's end - may be a commentary on decisive, imperialistic behavior.

History of New York City Essay

When one thinks of New York City, the image the commonly comes to mind is prosperity and wealth. Considering that New York is the financial and media capital of the world, it is no wonder that it has such an image. However, such prosperity was not always the case and a comprehensive public works system was required in order to save the city from economic devastation. Prior to the Great Depression, New York City was controlled by the corrupt political machine Tammany Hall. With the advent of the Great Depression, new York City’s population exploded. Unfortunately, the economy of New York City was negatively affected in the same manner that the rest of the nation and extreme change was required. As such, Tammany Hall was finally ‘thrown out of office’ and the Mayor Fiorella La Guardia was elected. In order to deal with the problem of economic chaos, La Guardia opted to institute a number of public works programs in order to reverse the negative spiral the city was caught. With many major American cities collapsing under the financial strain caused by the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt provided a significant volume of federal funds to cities in order to aid the economic re-development of the cities. La Guardia jumped on the opportunity for federal funds and used those federal funds to stimulate a number of jobs for the unemployed. This greatly saved New York City from financial collapse and, ultimately, made Fiorella La Guardia and icon in New York City’s history. Additionally, La Guardia used public works money to develop a system of public housing and urban renewal. Since much of New York City was poor, many of the neighborhoods had devolved into slums. The aggressive urban renewal campaign was somewhat successful, but not as successful as the job stimulation program that La Guardia instituted. Of course, there will always be negatives on the flipside of any positive venture. With a great deal of public, federal money coming into the city, many individuals became overly reliant upon the federal government for prosperity. When the federal government reached its limits in terms of what it could provide, the prosperity of segments of the population stagnated. This ultimately led to a rollback of many of the public works policies during the 1990’s Regardless of the success that the public works system may have had in the past, in order for progress to be made in any endeavor, one must move forward. There were a great number of factors that made the public works system a positive benefit for the city of New York from the New Deal era to the 1970s. This does not, however, mean that duplicating the past system would equate to a duplication of success. Sometimes, a radically different approach is required. Former Mayor Gulliani, for example, promoted a system of city governance that was far removed from the public works system of city maintenance and management and his system of governing is widely considered a success. Again, different time periods and factors will require different solutions to problems. No concept is so strong that it can last forever and thrive amidst radically changing social and political landscapes. As such, La Guardia’s usage of Public Works money for the stimulation of the stagnant economy of New York was the right decision at the right time. While not perfect, it did serve its primary purpose: saving New York City from economic collapse.

Ancient Greek and Roman Clothing

Ancient Greek and Roman Clothing Ancient Greeks and Romans wore similar clothing, usually made at home. One of the principal occupations of women in ancient society was weaving. Women wove garments generally of wool or linen for their families, although the very wealthy could also afford silk and cotton. Research suggests that fabrics were often brightly colored and decorated with elaborate designs. In general, the women wove a single square or rectangular piece of clothing that could have multiple uses. It could be a garment, a blanket, or even a shroud. Infants and young children often went naked. Greco-Roman clothing for both women and men consisted of two main garments- a tunic (either a peplos or chiton) and a cloak (himation or toga). Both women and men wore sandals, slippers, soft shoes, or boots, although at home they usually went barefoot. Tunics, Togas, and Mantles Roman togas were white woolen strips of cloth about six feet wide and 12 feet long. They were draped over the shoulders and body and worn over a linen tunic. Children and commoners wore natural or off-white togas, while Roman senators wore brighter, whiter togas. Colored stripes on the toga designated particular occupations or statuses; for example, magistrates togas had purple stripes and edging. Togas were relatively unwieldy to wear, so they were reserved for formal or leisure events. While togas had their place, most working people needed more practical clothing on a daily basis. As a result, most ancient people wore one or more tunics, large rectangles of cloth known as a peplos and/or a chiton. Peplos are heavier and usually not sewn but pinned; chitons were about twice the size of the peplos, made of a lighter fabric and generally seamed. The tunic was the basic garment: it could also be used as an undergarment. Instead of a toga, some Roman women wore an ankle-length, pleated dress known as the stola, which could have long sleeves and fastened at the shoulder with the clasp known as a fibula. Such garments were worn over the tunics and under the palla. Prostitutes wore togas instead of the stola. The Layered Effect A typical outfit for a woman might start with a strophion, a soft band wrapped around the mid-section of the body. Over the strophion could be draped the peplos, a large rectangle of heavy fabric, usually wool, folded over along the upper edge to create a double layer in front called an overfold (apoptygma). The top edge would be draped to reach to the waist. The peplos was fastened at the shoulders, armhole openings were left on each side, and the peplos might or might not be cinched with a belt.   Instead of a peplos, a woman might wear a chiton, made of a much lighter material, usually imported linen which sometimes was diaphanous or semi-transparent. Made with twice as much material as the peplos, the chiton was wide enough to allow sleeves to be fastened along the upper arms with pins or buttons. Both the peplos and chiton were floor-length, and usually long enough to be pulled over a belt, creating a soft pouch called a kolpos.  Ã‚   Over the  tunic would go a mantle of some sort. This was the rectangular himation for the Greeks, and pallium or palla for the Romans, draped over the left arm and under the right. Roman male citizens also wore a toga instead of the Greek himation, or a large rectangular or semicircular shawl that would be worn pinned on the right shoulder or joined at the front of the body. Cloaks and Outerwear In inclement weather or for reasons of fashion, Romans would wear certain outer garments, mostly cloaks or capes pinned at the shoulder, fastened down the front or possibly pulled over the head. Wool was the most common material, but some could be leather. Shoes and sandals were ordinarily made of leather, although shoes might be wool felt. Throughout the Bronze and Iron ages, womens and mens fashion choices varied greatly as they fell in and out of style. In Greece, the peplos was the earliest developed, and the chiton first appeared in the sixth century BCE, only to fall out of favor again in the fifth century. Sources and Further Information Ancient Greek Dress. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.Casson, Lionel. Greek and Roman Clothing: Some Technical Terms. Glotta 61.3/4 (1983): 193–207.Cleland, Liza, Glenys Davies, and Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones. Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z. London: Routledge, 2007.Croom, Alexandra. Roman Clothing and Fashion. Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 2010.Harlow, Mary E. Dressing to Please Themselves: Clothing Choices for Roman Women. Dress and Identity. Ed. Harlow, Mary E. Bar International Series 2536. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012. 37–46.Olsen, Kelly. Dress and the Roman Woman: Self-Presentation and Society. London: Routledge, 2012.  Smith, Stephanie Ann, and Debby Sneed. Womens Dress in Archaic Greece: The Peplos, Chiton, and Himation. Classics Department, University of Colorado Boulder, June 18, 2018.

Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian essays

Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian essays In my report Ill talk a little about both the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democratic sides and then Ill compare the two. Ill start with the Jeffersonian view. When political alignments first emerged in George Washington's administration, opposing factions were led by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. In the basic disagreement over the nature and functions of government and of society, the Jeffersonian advocated a society based on the small farmer; they opposed strong centralized government and were suspicious of urban commercial interests. Their ideals (opposed to those of the Federalist party) came to be known as Jeffersonian democracy, based in large part on faith in the virtue and ability of the common man and the limitation of the powers of the federal government. This group of anti-Federalists, who called themselves Republicans or Democratic Republicans (the name was not fixed as Democratic until 1828), supported many of the ideals of the French Revolution and opposed c lose relations with Great Britain. Led by Jefferson and his ally James Madison, the group had become a nationwide party by 1800, winning the support of Aaron Burr and George Clinton in New York, of Benjamin Rush and Albert Gallatin in Pennsylvania, and of most influential politicians in the South. Jefferson became President in 1800 in an election that has often been called a turning point in American history. With this election emerged an alliance between Southern agrarians and Northern city dwellers, an alliance that grew to be the dominating coalition of the party. With Madison and James Monroe succeeding Jefferson, the party's Virginia dynasty held the presidency until 1824. Now well take a look at the Jacksonian democracy. To his army of followers, Andrew Jackson was the embodiment of popular democracy. A truly self-made man of will and courage, he personified for many citizens the vast power of nature and Provi...

FEDERAL PROGRAM RESEARCH PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FEDERAL PROGRAM RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) This amount is considered much lesser as compared to the fiscal year 2007 and 2006 with 568,835,000 US dollars each year. The budget where the funds for the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities program is part of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) total budget. The total requested fund for the entire NCLB fund totals the amount of US$ 24,474,059,000 for next year. (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) The sources of funds that is used to support the total expenditures of the elementary and secondary education in the United States comes mostly from the U.S. federal, state and the local government. (U.S. Department of Education, 2007b) Each year, the president request for a budget for the Safe and Drug-Free The 324,248,000 US dollars program fund for the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities (U.S. Department of Education, 2007a) will be allocated and distributed to different minor programs such as the Health, Mental Health, Environmental Health and Physical Education Programs (HMHEHPE); the State Program for Drug-Violence Prevention (DVP); the National Programs for Drug-Violence Prevention (DVP); the Character and Civic Education (CCE); the Policy and Cross-Cutting Programs; and the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee. (OSDFS, 2007b) The HMHEHPE group handles the provision of financial assistance for activities coming from the Carol M. White Physical Education Program, the Elementary and Secondary School Counceling Discretionary Grants, and the Grants for the Integration of Schools and Mental Health System that promotes the health and well being of elementary and secondary school students and those who belongs to a higher education institutions. The funds that will be used for these programs will be coming from the budget for Discretionary Grants. The allocated fund for the Physical Education Program and the

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Research Paper Example Roskin (2012) asserts that the Kennedy’s doctrine was for responding flexibly to communist expansion, particularly to guerrilla warfare. Initially, the Kennedy counterinsurgency program succeeded in overturning the foreign policy establishment in a bout of seminars, uptight formulation of strange policy, counterinsurgency courses and bureaucratic upheavals. Nonetheless, this counterinsurgency orientation has not been executed at the detriment of its hitherto extremely prominent twin, which was the offensive unconventional warfare. Apparently, the Kennedy administration became practically instigated with the landing craft designated for Cuba, which started in April 1961 with efforts of meddling with existing governments there and in Congo; this was a lasting feature of those three brief years. However, it was a set of initiatives to develop an extensive counterinsurgency policy that controlled the years of Kennedy, with a doctrine, infrastructure, and a program of counterinsurg ency being developed nearly overnight. This counterinsurgency era regarding the military and the intelligence establishments started with Kennedy and thereafter faded away with the withdrawal of the United States from Vietnam. This program drew partly from the same resources built up for unconventional warfare, and offered a new and integrated tactic to a deserted Cold War’s theater (Ucko, 2009). Kennedy's involvement in confronting the guerrilla warfare has in most cases been seen as a reaction to the back-up of wars of liberation by Nikita Khrushchev. There are perceptions that the speech by Khrushchev in January 1961, following Kennedy's inauguration, is particularly significant in electrifying the new president to a program of action. Nonetheless, Khrushchev's rhetoric was possibly rather less significant compared to the troubles with communists present in Vietnam and Laos, ideological doubts concerning African decolonization, and the unfinished business within Cuba; however, efforts were in progress for slapping down the first unbeaten communist revolution within the America's backyard (Ucko, 2009). According to the accounts of meeting by National Security Council regarding Kennedy's initial months in office, much of his thinking, and that of his group, had previously been crystallized with the

Quality and Problem Solving (global tourism management) Essay

Quality and Problem Solving (global tourism management) - Essay Example The organization has successfully captured a favorable contract from a tour operator in the United Arab Emirates and will be receiving a significant proportion of guests. The customers are Emirati guests who espouse a culture highly divergent from western orientations. The challenge is to determine how to successfully address the quality issues in such an arrangement. Before venturing into determining what is required in addressing the needs of the Emirati (citizens of United Arab Emirates) guests, the driving philosophy should first be identified. The staff of the Royal Edwardian Hotel should adopt a quality policy that stresses service quality as opposed to value for price paid or maximum profit. The relationship between service quality and business performance has long been established in hospitality (Hakes, 1991; Bowen and Shoemaker, 1998; Pizam and Ellis, 1999). Researchers such as Caruana (2002), Cronin and Taylor (1992) and Teas (1994) have shown that service quality is antecedent to customer satisfaction. Furthermore, customer satisfaction is antecedent to customer loyalty (Bloemer and Kasper, 1995; Caruana, 2002; McDougall and Levesque, 2000). In the hotel industry, service quality is considered as defined and the discerning customer will evaluate quality and develop satisfaction or dissatisfaction in each encounter (Bitner et al., 1990). As hotel experience is made up of individual discrete encounters, it is important to make sure that everything is perfect (Min et al, 2002). The quality management scheme should therefore emphasize gathering and interpreting correctly the traits and characteristics of the customer. It is important to survey the Arab customers to find what they are specifically looking for in a Royal Edwardian Hotel stay. The hotels should determine customer expectations regarding a British hotel experience. According to Clow & Vorhies (1993), the customer forms expectations through a

Beyond Good and Evil Essay Example for Free

Beyond Good and Evil Essay UPPOSING that Truth is a woman—what then? Is there not ground for suspecting that all philosophers, in so far as they have been dogmatists, have failed to understand women—that the terrible seriousness and clumsy importunity with which they have usually paid their addresses to Truth, have been unskilled and unseemly methods for winning a woman? Certainly she has never allowed herself to be won; and at present every kind of dogma stands with sad and discouraged mien—IF, indeed, it stands at all! For there are scoffers who maintain that it has fallen, that all dogma lies on the ground—nay more, that it is at its last gasp. But to speak seriously, there are good grounds for hoping that all dogmatizing in philosophy, whatever solemn, whatever conclusive and decided airs it has assumed, may have been only a noble puerilism and tyronism; and probably the time is at hand when it will be once and again understood WHAT has actually sufficed for the basis of such imposing and absolute philosophical edifices as the dogmatists have hitherto reared: perhaps some popular superstition of immemorial time (such as the soul-superstition, which, in the form of subject- and ego-superstition, has not yet ceased doing mischief): perhaps some play upon words, a deception on the part of grammar, or an audacious generalization of very restricted, very personal, very human—all-too-human facts. Beyond Good and Evil S The philosophy of the dogmatists, it is to be hoped, was only a promise for thousands of years afterwards, as was astrology in still earlier times, in the service of which probably more labour, gold, acuteness, and patience have been spent than on any actual science hitherto: we owe to it, and to its ‘super- terrestrial’ pretensions in Asia and Egypt, the grand style of architecture. It seems that in order to inscribe themselves upon the heart of humanity with everlasting claims, all great things have first to wander about the earth as enormous and awe- inspiring caricatures: dogmatic philosophy has been a caricature of this kind—for instance, the Vedanta doctrine in Asia, and Platonism in Europe. Let us not be ungrateful to it, although it must certainly be confessed that the worst, the most tiresome, and the most dangerous of errors hitherto has been a dogmatist error—namely, Plato’s invention of Pure Spirit and the Good in Itself. But now when it has been surmounted, when Europe, rid of this nightmare, can again draw breath freely and at least enjoy a healthier—sleep, we, WHOSE DUTY IS WAKEFULNESS ITSELF, are the heirs of all the strength which the struggle against this error has fostered. It amounted to the very inversion of truth, and the denial of the PERSPECTIVE— the fundamental condition—of life, to speak of Spirit and the Good as Plato spoke of them; indeed one might ask, as a physician: ‘How did such a malady attack that finest product of antiquity, Plato? Had the wicked Socrates really corrupted him? Was Socrates after all a corrupter of youths, and deserved his hemlock? ’ But the struggle against Plato, or—to speak plainer, and for the ‘people’—the strugFree eBooks at Planet eBook. com gle against the ecclesiastical oppression of millenniums of Christianity (FOR CHRISITIANITY IS PLATONISM FOR THE ‘PEOPLE’), produced in Europe a magnificent tension of soul, such as had not existed anywhere previously; with such a tensely strained bow one can now aim at the furthest goals. As a matter of fact, the European feels this tension as a state of distress, and twice attempts have been made in grand style to unbend the bow: once by means of Jesuitism, and the second time by means of democratic enlightenment—which, with the aid of liberty of the press and newspaper-reading, might, in fact, bring it about that the spirit would not so easily find itself in ‘distress’! (The Germans invented gunpowder-all credit to them! but they again made things square—they invented printing. ) But we, who are neither Jesuits, nor democrats, nor even sufficiently Germans, we GOOD EUROPEANS, and free, VERY free spirits—we have it still, all the distress of spirit and all the tension of its bow! And perhaps also the arrow, the duty, and, who knows? THE GOAL TO AIM AT†¦. Sils Maria Upper Engadine, JUNE, 1885. Beyond Good and Evil CHAPTER I: PREJUDICES OF PHILOSOPHERS 1. The Will to Truth, which is to tempt us to many a hazardous enterprise, the famous Truthfulness of which all philosophers have hitherto spoken with respect, what questions has this Will to Truth not laid before us! What strange, perplexing, questionable questions! It is already a long story; yet it seems as if it were hardly commenced. Is it any wonder if we at last grow distrustful, lose patience, and turn impatiently away? That this Sphinx teaches us at last to ask questions ourselves? WHO is it really that puts questions to us here? WHAT really is this ‘Will to Truth’ in us? In fact we made a long halt at the question as to the origin of this Will—until at last we came to an absolute standstill before a yet more fundamental question. We inquired about the VALUE of this Will. Granted that we want the truth: WHY NOT RATHER untruth? And uncertainty? Even ignorance? The problem of the value of truth presented itself before us—or was it we who presented ourselves before the problem? Which of us is the Oedipus here? Which the Sphinx? It would seem to be a rendezvous of questions and notes of interrogation. And could it be believed that it at last seems to us as if the problem had never been propounded before, as if we were the first to discern it, get a sight of it, Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com .and RISK RAISING it? For there is risk in raising it, perhaps there is no greater risk. 2. ‘HOW COULD anything originate out of its opposite? For example, truth out of error? or the Will to Truth out of the will to deception? or the generous deed out of selfishness? or the pure sun-bright vision of the wise man out of covetousness? Such genesis is impossible; whoever dreams of it is a fool, nay, worse than a fool; things of the highest value must have a different origin, an origin of THEIR own—in this transitory, seductive, illusory, paltry world, in this turmoil of delusion and cupidity, they cannot have their source. But rather in the lap of Being, in the intransitory, in the concealed God, in the ‘Thing-in-itself— THERE must be their source, and nowhere else! ’ —This mode of reasoning discloses the typical prejudice by which metaphysicians of all times can be recognized, this mode of valuation is at the back of all their logical procedure; through this ‘belief’ of theirs, they exert themselves for their ‘knowledge,’ for something that is in the end solemnly christened ‘the Truth. ’ The fundamental belief of metaphysicians is THE BELIEF IN ANTITHESES OF VALUES. It never occurred even to the wariest of them to doubt here on the very threshold (where doubt, however, was most necessary); though they had made a solemn vow, ‘DE OMNIBUS DUBITANDUM. ’ For it may be doubted, firstly, whether antitheses exist at all; and secondly, whether the popular valuations and antitheses of value upon which metaphysicians have set their seal, are not perhaps merely superficial estimates, merely provi Beyond Good and Evil sional perspectives, besides being probably made from some corner, perhaps from below—‘frog perspectives,’ as it were, to borrow an expression current among painters. In spite of all the value which may belong to the true, the positive, and the unselfish, it might be possible that a higher and more fundamental value for life generally should be assigned to pretence, to the will to delusion, to selfishness, and cupidity. It might even be possible that WHAT constitutes the value of those good and respected things, consists precisely in their being insidiously related, knotted, and crocheted to these evil and apparently opposed things—perhaps even in being essentially identical with them. Perhaps! But who wishes to concern himself with such dangerous ‘Perhapses’! For that investigation one must await the advent of a new order of philosophers, such as will have other tastes and inclinations, the reverse of those hitherto prevalent—philosophers of the dangerous ‘Perhaps’ in every sense of the term. And to speak in all seriousness, I see such new philosophers beginning to appear. 3. Having kept a sharp eye on philosophers, and having read between their lines long enough, I now say to myself that the greater part of conscious thinking must be counted among the instinctive functions, and it is so even in the case of philosophical thinking; one has here to learn anew, as one learned anew about heredity and ‘innateness. ’ As little as the act of birth comes into consideration in the whole process and procedure of heredity, just as little is ‘being-conscious’ OPPOSED to the instinctive in any decisive Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com sense; the greater part of the conscious thinking of a philosopher is secretly influenced by his instincts, and forced into definite channels. And behind all logic and its seeming sovereignty of movement, there are valuations, or to speak more plainly, physiological demands, for the maintenance of a definite mode of life For example, that the certain is worth more than the uncertain, that illusion is less valuable than ‘truth’ such valuations, in spite of their regulative importance for US, might notwithstanding be only superficial valuations, special kinds of maiserie, such as may be necessary for the maintenance of beings such as ourselves. Supposing, in effect, that man is not just the ‘measure of things. ’ 4. The falseness of an opinion is not for us any objection to it: it is here, perhaps, that our new language sounds most strangely. The question is, how far an opinion is lifefurthering, life- preserving, species-preserving, perhaps species-rearing, and we are fundamentally inclined to maintain that the falsest opinions (to which the synthetic judgments a priori belong), are the most indispensable to us, that without a recognition of logical fictions, without a comparison of reality with the purely IMAGINED world of the absolute and immutable, without a constant counterfeiting of the world by means of numbers, man could not live—that the renunciation of false opinions would be a renunciation of life, a negation of life. TO RECOGNISE UNTRUTH AS A CONDITION OF LIFE; that is certainly to impugn the traditional ideas of value in a dangerous manner, and a phi Beyond Good and Evil losophy which ventures to do so, has thereby alone placed itself beyond good and evil. 5. That which causes philosophers to be regarded halfdistrustfully and half-mockingly, is not the oft-repeated discovery how innocent they are—how often and easily they make mistakes and lose their way, in short, how childish and childlike they are,—but that there is not enough honest dealing with them, whereas they all raise a loud and virtuous outcry when the problem of truthfulness is even hinted at in the remotest manner. They all pose as though their real opinions had been discovered and attained through the self-evolving of a cold, pure, divinely indifferent dialectic (in contrast to all sorts of mystics, who, fairer and foolisher, talk of ‘inspiration’), whereas, in fact, a prejudiced proposition, idea, or ‘suggestion,’ which is generally their heart’s desire abstracted and refined, is defended by them with arguments sought out after the event. They are all advocates who do not wish to be regarded as such, generally astute defenders, also, of their prejudices, which they dub ‘truths,’— and VERY far from having the conscience which bravely admits this to itself, very far from having the good taste of the courage which goes so far as to let this be understood, perhaps to warn friend or foe, or in cheerful confidence and self-ridicule. The spectacle of the Tartuffery of old Kant, equally stiff and decent, with which he entices us into the dialectic by-ways that lead (more correctly mislead) to his ‘categorical imperative’— makes us fastidious ones smile, we who find no small amusement in spying out Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com the subtle tricks of old moralists and ethical preachers. Or, still more so, the hocus-pocus in mathematical form, by means of which Spinoza has, as it were, clad his philosophy in mail and mask—in fact, the ‘love of HIS wisdom,’ to translate the term fairly and squarely—in order thereby to strike terror at once into the heart of the assailant who should dare to cast a glance on that invincible maiden, that Pallas Athene:—how much of personal timidity and vulnerability does this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray! 6. It has gradually become clear to me what every great philosophy up till now has consisted of—namely, the confession of its originator, and a species of involuntary and unconscious auto-biography; and moreover that the moral (or immoral) purpose in every philosophy has constituted the true vital germ out of which the entire plant has always grown. Indeed, to understand how the abstrusest metaphysical assertions of a philosopher have been arrived at, it is always well (and wise) to first ask oneself: ‘What morality do they (or does he) aim at? ’ Accordingly, I do not believe that an ‘impulse to knowledge’ is the father of philosophy; but that another impulse, here as elsewhere, has only made use of knowledge (and mistaken knowledge! ) as an instrument. But whoever considers the fundamental impulses of man with a view to determining how far they may have here acted as INSPIRING GENII (or as demons and cobolds), will find that they have all practiced philosophy at one time or another, and that each one of them would have been only too glad to look upon itself as the ultimate end of existence 10 Beyond Good and Evil and the legitimate LORD over all the other impulses. For every impulse is imperious, and as SUCH, attempts to philosophize. To be sure, in the case of scholars, in the case of really scientific men, it may be otherwise—‘better,’ if you will; there there may really be such a thing as an ‘impulse to knowledge,’ some kind of small, independent clock-work, which, when well wound up, works away industriously to that end, WITHOUT the rest of the scholarly impulses taking any material part therein. The actual ‘interests’ of the scholar, therefore, are generally in quite another direction— in the family, perhaps, or in money-making, or in politics; it is, in fact, almost indifferent at what point of research his little machine is placed, and whether the hopeful young worker becomes a good philologist, a mushroom specialist, or a chemist; he is not CHARACTERISED by becoming this or that. In the philosopher, on the contrary, there is absolutely nothing impersonal; and above all, his morality furnishes a decided and decisive testimony as to WHO HE IS,—that is to say, in what order the deepest impulses of his nature stand to each other. 7. How malicious philosophers can be! I know of nothing more stinging than the joke Epicurus took the liberty of making on Plato and the Platonists; he called them Dionysiokolakes. In its original sense, and on the face of it, the word signifies ‘Flatterers of Dionysius’—consequently, tyrants’ accessories and lick-spittles; besides this, however, it is as much as to say, ‘They are all ACTORS, there is nothing genuine about them’ (for Dionysiokolax was a popular Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 11 name for an actor). And the latter is really the malignant reproach that Epicurus cast upon Plato: he was annoyed by the grandiose manner, the mise en scene style of which Plato and his scholars were masters—of which Epicurus was not a master! He, the old school-teacher of Samos, who sat concealed in his little garden at Athens, and wrote three hundred books, perhaps out of rage and ambitious envy of Plato, who knows! Greece took a hundred years to find out who the garden-god Epicurus really was. Did she ever find out? 8. There is a point in every philosophy at which the ‘conviction’ of the philosopher appears on the scene; or, to put it in the words of an ancient mystery: Adventavit asinus, Pulcher et fortissimus. 9. You desire to LIVE ‘according to Nature’? Oh, you noble Stoics, what fraud of words! Imagine to yourselves a being like Nature, boundlessly extravagant, boundlessly indifferent, without purpose or consideration, without pity or justice, at once fruitful and barren and uncertain: imagine to yourselves INDIFFERENCE as a power—how COULD you live in accordance with such indifference? To live—is not that just endeavouring to be otherwise than this Nature? Is not living valuing, preferring, being unjust, being limited, endeavouring to be different? And granted that your imperative, ‘living according to Nature,’ means actu1 Beyond Good and Evil ally the same as ‘living according to life’—how could you do DIFFERENTLY? Why should you make a principle out of what you yourselves are, and must be? In reality, however, it is quite otherwise with you: while you pretend to read with rapture the canon of your law in Nature, you want something quite the contrary, you extraordinary stage-players and self-deluders! In your pride you wish to dictate your morals and ideals to Nature, to Nature herself, and to incorporate them therein; you insist that it shall be Nature ‘according to the Stoa,’ and would like everything to be made after your own image, as a vast, eternal glorification and generalism of Stoicism! With all your love for truth, you have forced yourselves so long, so persistently, and with such hypnotic rigidity to see Nature FALSELY, that is to say, Stoically, that you are no longer able to see it otherwise— and to crown all, some unfathomable superciliousness gives you the Bedlamite hope that BECAUSE you are able to tyrannize over yourselves—Stoicism is self-tyranny—Nature will also allow herself to be tyrannized over: is not the Stoic a PART of Nature? †¦ But this is an old and everlasting story: what happened in old times with the Stoics still happens today, as soon as ever a philosophy begins to believe in itself. It always creates the world in its own image; it cannot do otherwise; philosophy is this tyrannical impulse itself, the most spiritual Will to Power, the will to ‘creation of the world,’ the will to the causa prima. 10. The eagerness and subtlety, I should even say craftiness, with which the problem of ‘the real and the apparent world’ Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 is dealt with at present throughout Europe, furnishes food for thought and attention; and he who hears only a ‘Will to Truth’ in the background, and nothing else, cannot certainly boast of the sharpest ears. In rare and isolated cases, it may really have happened that such a Will to Truth—a certain extravagant and adventurous pluck, a metaphysician’s ambition of the forlorn hope—has participated therein: that which in the end always prefers a handful of ‘certainty’ to a whole cartload of beautiful possibilities; there may even be puritanical fanatics of conscience, who prefer to put their last trust in a sure nothing, rather than in an uncertain something. But that is Nihilism, and the sign of a despairing, mortally wearied soul, notwithstanding the courageous bearing such a virtue may display. It seems, however, to be otherwise with stronger and livelier thinkers who are still eager for life. In that they side AGAINST appearance, and speak superciliously of ‘perspective,’ in that they rank the credibility of their own bodies about as low as the credibility of the ocular evidence that ‘the earth stands still,’ and thus, apparently, allowing with complacency their securest possession to escape (for what does one at present believe in more firmly than in one’s body? ),—who knows if they are not really trying to win back something which was formerly an even securer possession, something of the old domain of the faith of former times, perhaps the ‘immortal soul,’ perhaps ‘the old God,’ in short, ideas by which they could live better, that is to say, more vigorously and more joyously, than by ‘modern ideas’? There is DISTRUST of these modern ideas in this mode of looking at things, a 1 Beyond Good and Evil disbelief in all that has been constructed yesterday and today; there is perhaps some slight admixture of satiety and scorn, which can no longer endure the BRIC-A-BRAC of ideas of the most varied origin, such as so-called Positivism at present throws on the market; a disgust of the more refined taste at the village-fair motleyness and patchiness of all these reality-philosophasters, in whom there is nothing either new or true, except this motleyness. Therein it seems to me that we should agree with those skeptical anti-realists and knowledge-microscopists of the present day; their instinct, which repels them from MODERN reality, is unrefuted †¦ what do their retrograde by-paths concern us! The main thing about them is NOT that they wish to go ‘back,’ but that they wish to get AWAY therefrom. A little MORE strength, swing, courage, and artistic power, and they would be OFF—and not back! 11. It seems to me that there is everywhere an attempt at present to divert attention from the actual influence which Kant exercised on German philosophy, and especially to ignore prudently the value which he set upon himself. Kant was first and foremost proud of his Table of Categories; with it in his hand he said: ‘This is the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics. ’ Let us only understand this ‘could be’! He was proud of having DISCOVERED a new faculty in man, the faculty of synthetic judgment a priori. Granting that he deceived himself in this matter; the development and rapid flourishing of German philosophy depended nevertheless on his pride, and on the Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 eager rivalry of the younger generation to discover if possible something—at all events ‘new faculties’—of which to be still prouder! —But let us reflect for a moment—it is high time to do so. ‘How are synthetic judgments a priori POSSIBLE? ’ Kant asks himself—and what is really his answer? ‘BY MEANS OF A MEANS (faculty)’—but unfortunately not in five words, but so circumstantially, imposingly, and with such display of German profundity and verbal flourishes, that one altogether loses sight of the comical niaiserie allemande involved in such an answer. People were beside themselves with delight over this new faculty, and the jubilation reached its climax when Kant further discovered a moral faculty in man—for at that time Germans were still moral, not yet dabbling in the ‘Politics of hard fact. ’ Then came the honeymoon of German philosophy. All the young theologians of the Tubingen institution went immediately into the groves—all seeking for ‘faculties. ’ And what did they not find—in that innocent, rich, and still youthful period of the German spirit, to which Romanticism, the malicious fairy, piped and sang, when one could not yet distinguish between ‘finding’ and ‘inventing’! Above all a faculty for the ‘transcendental†; Schelling christened it, intellectual intuition, and thereby gratified the most earnest longings of the naturally pious-inclined Germans. One can do no greater wrong to the whole of this exuberant and eccentric movement (which was really youthfulness, notwithstanding that it disguised itself so boldly, in hoary and senile conceptions), than to take it seriously, or even treat it with moral indignation. Enough, however—the world 1 Beyond Good and Evil grew older, and the dream vanished. A time came when people rubbed their foreheads, and they still rub them today. People had been dreaming, and first and foremost—old Kant. ‘By means of a means (faculty)’—he had said, or at least meant to say. But, is that—an answer? An explanation? Or is it not rather merely a repetition of the question? How does opium induce sleep? ‘By means of a means (faculty), ‘namely the virtus dormitiva, replies the doctor in Moliere, Quia est in eo virtus dormitiva, Cujus est natura sensus assoupire. But such replies belong to the realm of comedy, and it is high time to replace the Kantian question, ‘How are synthetic judgments a PRIORI possible? ’ by another question, ‘Why is belief in such judgments necessary? ’—in effect, it is high time that we should understand that such judgments must be believed to be true, for the sake of the preservation of creatures like ourselves; though they still might naturally be false judgments! Or, more plainly spoken, and roughly and readily—synthetic judgments a priori should not ‘be possible’ at all; we have no right to them; in our mouths they are nothing but false judgments. Only, of course, the belief in their truth is necessary, as plausible belief and ocular evidence belonging to the perspective view of life. And finally, to call to mind the enormous influence which ‘German philosophy’—I hope you understand its right to inverted commas (goosefeet)? —has Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 exercised throughout the whole of Europe, there is no doubt that a certain VIRTUS DORMITIVA had a share in it; thanks to German philosophy, it was a delight to the noble idlers, the virtuous, the mystics, the artiste, the three-fourths Christians, and the political obscurantists of all nations, to find an antidote to the still overwhelming sensualism which overflowed from the last century into this, in short—‘sensus assoupire. ’ †¦ 12. As regards materialistic atomism, it is one of the best- refuted theories that have been advanced, and in Europe there is now perhaps no one in the learned world so unscholarly as to attach serious signification to it, except for convenient everyday use (as an abbreviation of the means of expression)— thanks chiefly to the Pole Boscovich: he and the Pole Copernicus have hitherto been the greatest and most successful opponents of ocular evidence. For while Copernicus has persuaded us to believe, contrary to all the senses, that the earth does NOT stand fast, Boscovich has taught us to abjure the belief in the last thing that ‘stood fast’ of the earth—the belief in ‘substance,’ in ‘matter,’ in the earth-residuum, and particle- atom: it is the greatest triumph over the senses that has hitherto been gained on earth. One must, however, go still further, and also declare war, relentless war to the knife, against the ‘atomistic requirements’ which still lead a dangerous after-life in places where no one suspects them, like the more celebrated ‘metaphysical requirements†: one must also above all give the finishing stroke to that other and more portentous atomism which Christianity has 1 Beyond Good and Evil taught best and longest, the SOUL- ATOMISM. Let it be permitted to designate by this expression the belief which regards the soul as something indestructible, eternal, indivisible, as a monad, as an atomon: this belief ought to be expelled from science! Between ourselves, it is not at all necessary to get rid of ‘the soul’ thereby, and thus renounce one of the oldest and most venerated hypotheses—as happens frequently to the clumsiness of naturalists, who can hardly touch on the soul without immediately losing it. But the way is open for new acceptations and refinements of the soul-hypothesis; and such conceptions as ‘mortal soul,’ and ‘soul of subjective multiplicity,’ and ‘soul as social structure of the instincts and passions,’ want henceforth to have legitimate rights in science. In that the NEW psychologist is about to put an end to the superstitions which have hitherto flourished with almost tropical luxuriance around the idea of the soul, he is really, as it were, thrusting himself into a new desert and a new distrust—it is possible that the older psychologists had a merrier and more comfortable time of it; eventually, however, he finds that precisely thereby he is also condemned to INVENT—and, who knows? perhaps to DISCOVER the new. 13. Psychologists should bethink themselves before putting down the instinct of self-preservation as the cardinal instinct of an organic being. A living thing seeks above all to DISCHARGE its strength—life itself is WILL TO POWER; self-preservation is only one of the indirect and most frequent RESULTS thereof. In short, here, as everywhere else, Free eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 let us beware of SUPERFLUOUS teleological principles! — one of which is the instinct of self- preservation (we owe it to Spinoza’s inconsistency). It is thus, in effect, that method ordains, which must be essentially economy of principles. 14. It is perhaps just dawning on five or six minds that natural philosophy is only a world-exposition and worldarrangement (according to us, if I may say so! ) and NOT a world-explanation; but in so far as it is based on belief in the senses, it is regarded as more, and for a long time to come must be regarded as more—namely, as an explanation. It has eyes and fingers of its own, it has ocular evidence and palpableness of its own: this operates fascinatingly, persuasively, and CONVINCINGLY upon an age with fundamentally plebeian tastes—in fact, it follows instinctively the canon of truth of eternal popular sensualism. What is clear, what is ‘explained’? Only that which can be seen and felt—one must pursue every problem thus far. Obversely, however, the charm of the Platonic mode of thought, which was an ARISTOCRATIC mode, consisted precisely in RESISTANCE to obvious sense-evidence—perhaps among men who enjoyed even stronger and more fastidious senses than our contemporaries, but who knew how to find a higher triumph in remaining masters of them: and this by means of pale, cold, grey conceptional networks which they threw over the motley whirl of the senses—the mob of the senses, as Plato said. In this overcoming of the world, and interpreting of the world in the manner of Plato, there was an ENJOYMENT different from that which the physicists 0 Beyond Good and Evil of today offer us—and likewise the Darwinists and antiteleologists among the physiological workers, with their principle of the ‘smallest possible effort,’ and the greatest possible blunder. ‘Where there is nothing more to see or to grasp, there is also nothing more for men to do’—that is certainly an imperative different from the Platonic one, but it may notwithstanding be the right imperative for a hardy, laborious race of machinists and bridge- builders of the future, who have nothing but ROUGH work to perform. 15. To study physiology with a clear conscience, one must insist on the fact that the sense-organs are not phenomena in the sense of the idealistic philosophy; as such they certainly could not be causes! Sensualism, therefore, at least as regulative hypothesis, if not as heuristic principle. What? And others say even that the external world is the work of our organs? But then our body, as a part of this external world, would be the work of our organs! But then our organs themselves would be the work of our organs! It seems to me that this is a complete REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM, if the conception CAUSA SUI is something fundamentally absurd. Consequently, the external world is NOT the work of our organs—? 16. There are still harmless self-observers who believe that there are ‘immediate certainties†; for instance, ‘I think,’ or as the superstition of Schopenhauer puts it, ‘I will†; as though cognition here got hold of its object purely and simply as ‘the thing in itself,’ without any falsification taking place eiFree eBooks at Planet eBook. com 1 ther on the part of the subject or the object. I would repeat it, however, a hundred times, that ‘immediate certainty,’ as well as ‘absolute knowledge’ and the ‘thing in itself,’ involve a CONTRADICTIO IN ADJECTO; we really ought to free ourselves from the misleading significance of words! The people on their part may think that cognition is knowing all about things, but the philosopher must say to himself: ‘When I analyze the process that is expressed in the sentence, ‘I think,’ I find a whole series of daring assertions, the argumentative proof of which would be difficult, perhaps impossible: for instance, that it is I who think, that there must necessarily be something that thinks, that thinking is an activity and operation on the part of a being who is thought of as a cause, that there is an ‘ego,’ and finally, that it is already determined what is to be designated by thinking—that I KNOW what thinking is. For if I had not already decided within myself what it is, by what standard could I determine whether that which is just happening is not perhaps ‘willing’ or ‘feeling’?