Physics of the Compound Bow :: physics weapon bow archery

A Brief History of the Bow * Arrowheads have been found in Africa that go steady back as far as 25,000 to 50,000 B.C. * Throughout the next few tens of thousands of years, humans had PLENTY of time to refine their techniques. Fire-hardening arrow heads, fletching arrow shafts to improve their shoot characteristics, tillering remits so that the upper and lower limbs had the same bend radius, etc. All of these improvements helped increase the efficiency and accuracy of the bow and arrow, and helped humans to survive and advance passim the ages. * One major advance was the creation of manifold bows. Around 2,800 B.C. people began blending different materials together to create better bows. The Egyptians of these times had long composite bows capable of shooting an arrow up to 400 yards * As you can see, the bow has been around a long while. It wasnt until recently, however, that the actual design of the bow itself was changed. In fact, this ingenious modification happened about forty years ago... The Compound Bow * On December 30th, 1969, Holless Wilbur Allen was granted the patent that would change archery forever. * The invention of the compound bow was just the beginning. As with the invention of the original bow and arrow, time and ingenuity would take the basic concept to new heights. However, the modern understanding of physics, coupled with mature materials and construction techniques, has greatly increased the pace at which advances are made. * Using cams on one or both limbs of a bow allowed for an increased pass along weight in the middle of the string up and a reduced weight at full draw. Archers firing traditional recurve bows encounter the highest resistance and draw weight at full draw. This means less time sighting in on a target before fatigue sets in, due to the kind of holding the bow at full draw. Compound bows, on the other hand, use a cam system which places the most resistance about 2/3 of the way through the drawstroke. At full draw, the compound bow reduces the tension in the bowstring by as much as 75-80%, allowing an archer to remain in position and more carefully sight in on a target.

The Battle of the Pacific Essay -- Military History

IntroductionApril 1, 1945 the United States Military had its sights set on a small island chain known as the Ryukyu Islands. The main island of Okinawa would be the primary target. Sixty miles long and two to eighteen miles wide, this island was only three hundred and forty miles from mainland Japan. This island would put U.S. forces in air bombing range of mainland Japan. The unrivalled-tenth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Butler, consisted of two Army divisions and Two Marine divisions. Also the United States Navy 5th Fleet commanded by Admiral Raymond Spruance. The xxx second Japanese Army, commanded by General Mitsuru Ushijima, would try to defend Okinawa. United States forces were met with little resistance during the invasion however this battle would prove to be one of the fiercest in the Pacific. A cost that did not consume to be paid considering the atomic bomb would end the contend weeks after the fighting had halted.HistoryOn December 7th 1941, the Japanese military attacked Pearl Harbor and Americans were caught completely off guard. Eight United States Navy ships were damaged and five were sunk. 2,403 Americans lost their lives with 1,178 wounded. This attendant thrust the U.S. military into World War 2. The next three years the United States found themselves in fierce battles throughout the Pacific. The technique used is referred to as island hopping. After Midway, the Philippines, the Marianas, and Iwo Jima it was now time for Okinawa. Okinawa its self is a territory of Japan. The civilian populous, once a monarchy, was caught in the middle of a bloody battle. readying and PreparationThe original plan was to take the Island of Formosa, or Taiwan as it is commonly known. After... ... The staggering cost of this battle was one that didnt necessarily have to be paid. On August 6th the first atomic bomb named Little Boy, was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days later a second atomic bomb, named Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki. On August 15th, just six weeks after the fighting on Okinawa was over, Japan announced its surrender. On September 2nd the formalised declaration of surrender was signed by the Japanese. References Fiefer, George Tennozan the Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb, Ticnor and Fields 1992Leckie, Robert Okinawa the Last Battle of World War II, Viking Penguin 1995 Pryce, Richard O.K.K.A. The Battle of Okinawa, www.okka.co.uk/battleofokinawa.html Thomas, Evan Sea of Thunder, Simon and Schuster 2006World war II in Europe, History Place 1997, www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/pearl.html

conducting a strategic audit Essay -- essays research papers

Conducting a strategical Audithttp//www.albany.edu/pm157/audit.htmlhttp//faculty.uwstout.edu/adekolaa/STRAMGT/powerpoints/Wal-Mart%20-%202000.ppt256,1,Wal-Mart 2000One purpose of this course is to train you to assess an organizations strategy. Part of your skill cultivation is utilizing knowledge to address the real problems of a business organization. At the same time, technology is increasing your ability to obtain nurture rapidly from multiple sources. existence able to gather and use such information allow become a competitive necessity for anyone in business and management. To prep be you for this, we used information technologies to analyze, discuss, and present business issues throughout the semester. To achieve these, you entrust form a group. While some information may be obtained from library research, field work, or direct interviews, it is expected that you will extensively use the Internet to integrate the diverse information from a top-management perspective. Ea ch team will present its findings and recommendations to the word form during the final sessions. They may then make changes for their final written report. Please consider these eight dimensions in formulating a unified, comprehensive, and integrated set of decisions that attains organization purpose.________________________________________ meter 1 Situation Assessment     What is our purpose? What is our "strategic intent"?      How do we rank in our business and why?      What is our fiscal condition and why?      What is the affinity between the business strategy, organization environment, and overall performance?      What is our sustainable competitive advantage? What core competencies do we posess?      What are our strengths? Do we use these fully?      What are our weaknesses? How croup we solve or mitigate these?   & nbsp  What are our opportunities? How can we exploit these?      What are the threats to us? What can we do about them? Step 2 Strategic Managers     What is our strategic vision?      Do the executives possess the right leadership skills and abilities? &nbs... ...  What are the expected fiscal results?      What are the feasible alternatives to these activities? Step 7 Implementation     What resources will this action plan require from finance, human resources, marketing, operations, and other functional areas and departments?      What changes will have to occur for us to be successful in 2 to 5 years?      Are there other organizations or individuals we might collaborate with?      What training is necessary? Step 8 Performance Evaluation and Control     When and how will we evaluate p erformance?      What are the desired quantitative and qualitative measurements of success?      Will this strategy justify the needed time and resources?      Can we afford it?      Realistically, can we implement this action plan?      Have we included all supporting programs?      Can we clearly establish accountability?

The Art of Advertising: Newtype USA :: Art

The Art of Advertising Newtype USAIf advertising is not an ex officio or state art, it is nonetheless clearly art (Schudson). This wonderful quote clearly describes the type of advertising entrap in Newtype USA. The three to the highest degree utilise techniques by advertisers in this magazine is the use of minimalist art, color, and beautiful scenery. All of these techniques appeal to an artist, and most people who watch anime tend to draw in their spare time. This makes sense considering all of the products they have in Newtype are all Japanese animation (anime). While looking through this magazine I found that every single advertisement was beautiful. Anybody that draws can appreciate the beauty of animation and in the end the quality of the graphics portrayed in the ad plays a big part in whether or not a person will purchase it. This being said, it makes it easy to understand why they use these techniques to advertise.The outset major technique found in Newtype is minimalis t art. This technique is usually used for anime that is done by an especially good company. The idea is that they dont take away a fancy advertisement, because their characters are very well drawn. All they have to do is post a single image of one character from their anime on a solid back drop and plant their logo on it. When an anime fan sees a beautifully drawn character, the first involvement they think is that it must be a great anime and they want to know what its all about. The fact that the company producing the anime obviously has coarse talent in drawing a single image is a big selling point too.Next, the technique of using beautiful scenery in advertisements is probably the most used in Newtype. Leo Burnett described it best when he said, I regard a great ad as the most beautiful thing in the world (Art). Certain anime companies prefer beautifully detailed backgrounds to perfection in individual characters. In their advertisements the consumer will post horse the back ground images of castles, flowers, skies, etc. Recently they have also been using a lot of computer graphics instead of basic animation to really grow the background experience. This has the same effect to the customer that the minimalist art has in that they instantly appreciate what they are seeing. The consumer is impressed with the quality of scenery in the advertisements qualification them want to buy the product.

Patient Visit Summary Report Essays -- Patient Interview Report

Confidentiality Disclaimer - This essay uses patient initials only. No identifying features are include within this essay. Patient BAPatients age 63 years old1.Medical conditions (active) After taking the patients checkup history, I found out that the patient experiences several active medical conditions. She was diagnosed having woebegone arthritis, diabetes type II, sleep problem, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.She got rheumatoid arthritis when she was 49 years old, and has been having this for 14 years. She will feel the pain at places involving joints like the hands, knees and hips. She also feels the pain in the area around her head and neck, which contributes to headache. This is very a condition where our immune system which is supposed to fight infection, attacks the cells lining our joints, causing them to be swollen, stiff and painful, and in process, damaging the joint, the cartilage and our nearby bone1. The crisp pain she feels usually radiates from her hee ls to her hands. Walking is really painful for her due to the inflammation of the joints. This condition is worsened during hot weather and if she feels stress, where it triggers pain most. Not only that, she feels purposeless and tired easily after doing any activities and thus, she tends to sleep a lot due to this illness.The patient also has a condition called fibromyalgia, which is a disorder that causes musclebuilder pain and an extreme feeling of tiredness (fatigue)2. Patients will experience chronic fatigue syndrome and achy muscles, and this is treated with anti-inflammatory medications. Fibromyalgia affects her lifting ability, which limits movement and activities such as shopping. fit in to the patient, this bothers her ... ...guide/penicillin-allergy-topic-overview9.National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. What is COPD? Internet. United States U.S. Department of wellness & Human Services 2013 updated July 31. Available from http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-top ics/topics/copd/10.World Health Organization Europe. The Solid Facts (Second Edition). Denmark World Health Organization 2003.11.Cleveland Clinic. Occupational and physical therapy for arthritis Internet. Ohio Cleveland Clinic 2012 updated September 17. Available from http//my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/arthritis/hic_occupational_and_physical_therapy_for_arthritis.aspx12.MedlinePlus. Type 2 diabetes self care Internet. United States National Institutes of Health 2013 updated October 31. Available from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000328.htm

Patient Visit Summary Report Essays -- Patient Interview Report

Confidentiality Disclaimer - This essay uses patient initials only. No identifying features are include within this essay. Patient BAPatients age 63 years old1.Medical conditions (active) After taking the patients medical examination history, I found out that the patient experiences several active medical conditions. She was diagnosed having creaky arthritis, diabetes type II, sleep problem, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.She got rheumatoid arthritis when she was 49 years old, and has been having this for 14 years. She will feel the pain at places involving joints like the hands, knees and hips. She also feels the pain in the area around her head and neck, which contributes to headache. This is rattling a condition where our immune system which is supposed to fight infection, attacks the cells lining our joints, causing them to be swollen, stiff and painful, and in process, damaging the joint, the cartilage and our nearby bone1. The nipping pain she feels usually radiat es from her heels to her hands. Walking is really painful for her due to the inflammation of the joints. This condition is worsened during hot weather and if she feels stress, where it triggers pain most. Not only that, she feels wear down and tired easily after doing any activities and thus, she tends to sleep a lot due to this illness.The patient also has a condition called fibromyalgia, which is a disorder that causes brawniness pain and an extreme feeling of tiredness (fatigue)2. Patients will experience chronic fatigue syndrome and achy muscles, and this is treated with anti-inflammatory medications. Fibromyalgia affects her lifting ability, which limits movement and activities such as shopping. agree to the patient, this bothers her ... ...guide/penicillin-allergy-topic-overview9.National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. What is COPD? Internet. United States U.S. Department of health & Human Services 2013 updated July 31. Available from http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/he alth-topics/topics/copd/10.World Health Organization Europe. The Solid Facts (Second Edition). Denmark World Health Organization 2003.11.Cleveland Clinic. Occupational and physical therapy for arthritis Internet. Ohio Cleveland Clinic 2012 updated September 17. Available from http//my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/arthritis/hic_occupational_and_physical_therapy_for_arthritis.aspx12.MedlinePlus. Type 2 diabetes self care Internet. United States National Institutes of Health 2013 updated October 31. Available from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000328.htm

Conflict Handling Styles Essay

In a dispute, its often easier to describe how others respond then to how we respond. Each of us has a predominant competitiveness flare that we put on to meet our own needs. By examining conflict styles and the consequences of those behaviors, we can gain a better understanding of the impact that our soulfulnessal conflict style has on other people. With a better understanding, you then can make a conscious choice on how to respond to others in a conflict space to benefactor reduce work conflict and stress. Behavioral scientists Kenneth Thomas and Ralph Kilmann, who developed the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, have identified five styles to responding to conflictcompetition, collaboration, compromise, avoidance, and accommodation. No conflict style is inherently right or wrong, but one or more styles could be inappropriate for a given situation and the impact could resolve in a situation quickly spiraling out of control.1. CompetingValue of own issue/ purpose HighVa lue of relationship Low address I cajole, you losePeople who consistently use a competitive style come across as aggressive, autocratic, encounteral, and intimidating. A competitive style is an set close to gain power and pressure a change at the other persons expense. A competitive style of managing conflict can be appropriate when you have to implement an unpopular decision, make a quick decision, the decision is vital in a crisis, or it is important to let others crawl in how important an issue is to you standing up for your right. The biggest disadvantage of using this style is that relationships can be harmed beyond repair and may encourage other parties to use covert methods to get their needs met because conflict with these people are reduced to if you are not with me, you are against me.2. AccommodatingValue of own issue/goal LowValue relationship High end I lose, you winBy accommodating you set aside your own personal needs because you indispensability to please ot hers in order to keep the peace. The emphasis is on preserving the relationship. Smoothing or harmonizing can result in a false solution to a difficulty and can create feelings in a person that range from anger to pleasure. Accommodators are unassertive and cooperative and may play the role of a martyr, complainer, or saboteur. However, accommodation can be useful when one is wrong or when you want to minimize losses when you are going to lose anyway because it conserves relationships. If you use it all the time it can become competitive I am nicer than you are and may result in reduced creativity in conflict situations and increased power imbalances.3. AvoidingValue of own issue/goal LowValue of relationship LowGoal I lose, you lose escape is characterized by deliberately ignoring or withdrawing from a conflict rather than facing it. This style may be perceived as not caring about your own issue or the issues of others. People who avoid the situation hope the problem will go aw ay, resolve itself without their involvement, or think that others are officious to take the responsibility. There are situations where avoidance is appropriate such as when you need more time to think of how to respond, time constraints demand a delay, confrontation will hurt a working relationship, or there is little chance of satisfying your needs. However, avoidance can be destructive if the other person perceives that you dont care enough to engage. By not dealing with the conflict, this style allows the conflict to simmer and heat up unnecessarily, resulting in anger or a negative outburst.4. CompromisingValue of own issue/goal MediumValue of relationship MediumGoal I win some, you win someThe compromising style demonstrates that you are willing to sacrifice some of your goals while persuading others to give up part of theirs give a little, get a little. Compromising maintains the relationship and can take less time than collaboration and resolutions might mean splitting the difference or seeking a nitty-gritty ground position. The follow throughside to compromising is that it can be an easy way out and reduces new creative options. If you constantly split the difference or straddle the fence, plot of land playing can result and the outcome could be less than ideal.5. CollaboratingValue of own issue/goal HighValue of relationship HighGoal I win, you winThe collaborative style views conflicts as problems to be solved and finding creative solutions that satisfy all the parties concerns. You dont give up your self interest you dig into the issue to identify the underlying concerns, test your own assumptions, and understand the views of others. Collaboration takes time and if the relationship among the parties is not important, then it may not be worth the time and energy to create a win-win solution. However, collaboration fosters respect, trust, and builds relationships. To make an environment more collaborative, address the conflict directly and in a way that expresses willingness for all parties to get what they need. Although all of the approaches have their time and place, you need to ask yourself the basic question, Is my preferred conflict handling style the genuinely best I can use to resolve this conflict or solve this problem? Focus on Interests (Needs), Not Positions (Wants)Understanding peoples interests is not a simple task because we tend to communicate our positions things that are likely to be concrete and explicit. It is helpful to learn to recognize the difference surrounded by persons positions and interests to assist in creative problem solving.Positions are predetermined solutions or demands that people use to describe what they want what the person wants to betide on a particular issue. For example I want the report.Interests define the problem and may be intangible, unexpressed, or not consistent. They are the main reasons wherefore you say what you want the motivation behind the position. The confli ct is usually between each persons needs, desire, concern, or fear. For example I need to fit the report by Friday, so I can have time to review and edit before the due date next Wednesday. Remember that enumeration out your interests is just as important as figuring out their interests.How to Identify InterestsTo identify interests of the other person, you need to ask questions to determine what the person believes he or she truly needs. When you ask, be sure to clarify that you are not asking questions for justification of their position, but for a better understanding of their needs, fears, hopes, and desires. Using open-ended questions that encourage a person to tell their story helps you begin to understand their interest. Open ended questions are opposite of closed-ended questions, which require a response of yes or no. To illustrate the difference, consider the following exampleDid you have a good relationship with your supervisor? (closed-ended)Tell me about your relations hip with your supervisor. (open-ended)Examples of open-ended questionsWhats your basic concern about ?Tell me about What do you think about ?How could we fix ?What would happen if ?How else could you do ?What could you tell me about ?Then what?Could you help me understand ?What do you think you will lose if you ?What have you tried before?What do you want to do next?How can I be of help?The most powerful interests for you to consider are the basic human needs for security, economic well-being, sense of belonging to an organization, identify, recognition of contribution or efforts, and liberty or control over decisions or work. It is not uncommon for you or the other person to have multiple interests and it would be helpful for you to write them down as they occur to help you sort them out. This list may be helpful to think through ideas that may meet these interests. Problem solving on your interests and the other persons interests leads to more creative and successful resolutions because you meet not only your need but theirs as well. Source Fisher, Ury, and Patton, Getting to Yes, 1991

Compare and Contrast of a Two Grand Theories Essay

Virginia Henderson (1897-1996) is a Nursing Grand Theorist who was often referred to as the first lady of nursing. In the article by Nicely (2011) it depicts how she developed a nursing model which is based on activities of daily living. She believed that nursing as a profession stood separately from medicine. In this article, I was able to decipher how Hendersons theory is applied to the specialized area of organ donation for transplantation. It is reflected that although organ coordinators are from different backgrounds such as assort health professions, physicians assistants, and paramedics, most of them are registered nurses. Nicely (2011) portrays 14 different activities that Henderson identified for patient role assistance which would allow patients to return back to independence eating and drinking, excrement of body waste, desirable posture/sleep and rest, select suitable clothing dress and undress, avoiding dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others, maintaining body temperature within normal range, prep/protecting the integument, communication with others, worship according to onenesss faith, play and recreation, learn and discover (Nicely, 2011, p.73).Hendersons activities reflect on how nurses notify provide a good foundation in which they can become more proficient in their abilities to provide care for their patients. She stressed the importance for including the patients family. In her theory, Henderson states the the complexity and quality of the service is limited only by the imagination and the competence of the nurse who interprets it (Nicely, 2011, p. 77). The article extrapolates very good points ab disclose how equally primal it is for the nurse to work with the family, as vigorous as the patient. The second article I chose by Merritt and Procter is entitled, Conceptualizing the functional role of rational health consultation occasion nurse in multi-morbidity, using Peplaus theory. This article surmises the role of the m ental health consultation liaison (MHCLN) and how it can be integrated to Peplaus surmise of Interpersonal Relations. In the introduction of the article, it focuses on the importance of mentally ill patients being involved actively in their treatment and care planning. This article describes that it is a global consensus that mental health care should be undertakencollaboratively, no matter where the patients live, and in the least restrictive environment (World Psychiatric Association, 2009, p.159).I agree with the in a higher place statement, as I work as a mental health consultant and psychiatric nurse. There is not enough being done to serve the patients and their families in seeking psychiatric care and providing a continuum of care. It continues to be a disfigurement that needs to be addressed globally, so that the patients who are in cessation need of care are able to receive it. This includes medication, behavioral management, and psychotherapy by specialists in the fie ld. Throughout my many years of practice in the mental health field, I have witnessed so much neglect instilled on the mentally ill patients. Many facilities have closed down, and in particular one research facility called the Lafayette Clinic which was linked to Wayne State University in MI, closed due to the government not prioritizing mental health in their budget. As a result, thither are more homeless residents living on the streets and not being treated for their mental illness until whateverthing happens. At times, people who are living on the streets become loud, argumentative, and combative, hallucinate, injure someone, or themselves before any action is taken. I firmly believe in the stand of the MHCLN in helping to decrease the stigma of mental illness, as well as reducing patients symptoms by providing a means for treatment.Education and research are a tonality source, as well as funding for the above to happen. Merritts paper represents a stepping stone in my opinion to many patients that are out there suffering and being belittled by their mental illness. The use of Peplaus interpersonal relations theory if placed fully into practice can help patients adjust to their mental illness, and through education they would be able to have somewhat of a grasp on their illness, the importance of taking their medications, and perceive a psychiatrist and/or psychologist on a regular basis. Once stabilized, the mental health patient can reap the benefits of engaging in a more normalized lifestyle and have a smash chance of adjusting to the roles that are not always able to participate in. This paper provides good insight into Peplaus interpersonal relations theory. The methodologies utilized provide patients with an avenue to work through their psychological distress, and adjustment to changes that occur as a result of their illness.More research and education is necessary to provide the interventions that arenecessary in stabilizing the patients who suf fer from mental illness. The nurse is of key importance in facilitating this process with the patient and their families, as well as the psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, recreational therapist, and mental health worker. In comparing Hendersons article to Peplaus article there is some correlation as to the importance in working with families, as well as the patient who is also stressed. In Nicelys article, the donor patient is usually deceased, or if not deceased, the nurse works with twain the patient and the family. Hendersons theory allows the nurse to be patient as well as family focused.In Merritts article, it is both important for the nurse to work with the patient and family as well. In both articles, I feel that the nurse serves as an advocate in different ways, one from a medical perspective, and the other from a psychological perspective, however these can be intertwined as the families who lost a loved one due to brain death and a transplantation will occur, al so need emotional support. Nurse-patient relationship encompasses many strategies throughout both articles. In Peplaus psychodynamic nursing theory four phases of a nurse-patient relationship are identified orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. By utilizing these phases, it will allow a nurse to better identify, respond to patients need, and build trust. Both articles stress the importance of nurses in different types of roles, one as an organ donation coordinator, and the other as a mental health liaison or consultant providing psychological and emotional support to families.ReferencesMerritt, M. K. & Procter, N. (2010). Conceptualizing the functional role of mental health consultation-liaison nurse in multi-morbidity, using Peplaus nursing theory. Contemporary Nurse 34(2). 158-166. https//lmscontent.embanet.com/MVU/NURS600/Readings/W3_Peplau.pdfNicely, B., & DeLario, G. T. (2011). Virginia Hendersons principles and practice of nursing applied to organ donation after brain death. Progress in transplantation, 21(1), 72-77. https//lmscontent.embanet.com/MVU/NURS600/Readings/W3_Nicely2011.pdf

Irises of Vincent van Gogh Essay

Irises was made by Vincent new wave Gogh in 1889. It is an oil on contemplate with dimensions of 28 by 36 5/8. It is a representational art that exhibits a bouquet of flags and a context of marigolds in a signifier of impressionist look trope. the topic non dead set or twisted as to demo a signifier of sentiment from the creative person. The picture. as it depicts a garden-like clump of flowers. may be categorized under the subject of landscapes as it displays a scenery without animate beings or people. Van Gogh. in making Irises. chiefly used mannequin lines.From the picture. we would be able to fulfil the blades of grasses environing the flowers every bit good as the thin roots and the petals of the flags itself with darker sunglassess run alonging the borders. The marigold background. nevertheless. and the piece of dirt that shows itself beneath the grass were make in a more streamlined gesture lines. However. though the borders of the flags. the grass. and the roots wer e defined. the lines be seen to be more implied than existent as the creative person did non precisely lined the borders with a crisp black but alternatively outlined the parts by utilizing a darker shadiness of colour.The definite lines emphasized a savour of certainty on the picture. It created a constricted and serious temper. congratulating the construct of purdah for the lone white flag in a clump of blue. The forms in the picture are all natural and the colourss used nowadayss elusive contrast. Lighting seems to be natural as good. coming from the upper right corner of the picture and distributing out. as theres no bright colour painted straight on the canvas. The place of the blue flags and the blades of grass make the minimum visible actinotherapy seeable the agreement rocking some of that light towards the white flag positioned at the left side.With the blooms laid out in such a form. the visible radiation therapy has been stronger on the bluish flags. However. it abs olutely suits the artists thought. We could see from the illustration how the bluish flags got more of the limelight but they are tilting towards the white flag. In a manner. it may picture how van Gogh felt during the clip he was doing it he was in an refuge where people dont really honorarium him much attending. But someway. their presence and his province feel like a strong force gushing and stamp downing him. Merely primary and subaltern colourss were used for the picture.Made up with bluish. yellow. green and white. Irises is a symphonic music of subdued tones. While the colourss fundamentally described the capable affair. the blunt contrast between the blue flags and the white one emphasized how van Gogh views the difference between other people and himself. The bluish 1s. though theyre voluminous are all the same. They held no particular features. But the white flag is really different. Aside from being painted in another colour. the flag besides symbolizes pureness. The reasoning(a) white somehow depicts sedateness and chaste unlike the corrupt character of the bluish flags.Without an existent contact one would be able to find the velvety touch of the picture. sing the portion of the grasses and the marigolds. But for the flags. Vincent new wave Gogh chose to utilize impasto as to make a 3d-like dimension for the blooms. The technique non merely enables the informant to about experience the weight of the blooms but it besides further back up the pulling force of the white flag. as we are able to see the bluish 1s lean their brawny petals towards the way of the white one researching farther the load new wave Gogh felt coming from the people environing him at that clip.Having used impasto on the piece. Irises someway hold a three dimensional feel. Indeed. with the invention of new wave Gogh. this painting transcends the traditional and acquired a more salient aura. With this manner. a spectator would be able to experience the only purdah of the w hite flag and farther sense the apathetic emotion of the bluish 1s. feel more observingly. we may think how the creative person finished this piece. The piece is glazed and this is strongly apparent in the usage of beds of colourss and particularly the application of impasto. though the flags and marigolds seemed to be drawn above a light green base.Expanding out our examination. well be able to state that new wave Gogh worked on background foremost. holding the marigolds and the dirt looking at level. As he continues. he might every bit good work from light colourss so to dark. the dark colourss looking more solid and brighter. We could decidedly state every bit good that the focal point of the Irises is found at the centre left side of the canvas where the white flag was painted. The way of every component in the piece points at it. from the blades of grasses to the blue flags and the marigolds stressing its topographic point.

The House on Mango Street Writing Project

Male/Female gender roles (Minerva, Sally, Rafaela, Mamacita, Linoleum Roses) The House on Mango Street Writing Project The book called House on Mango street is about a little girl that grows up in a poor naeberhood that is full of crime and violence. I think that having a male gender in the place they lived would have coused a different lifespan steil for the family. They probley would have had a little less things to worry about with a boy instead of a girl.But if they had a girl they would be equal to(p) to go places without being hereased about not being in a gang or something like that. I would much rather be a boy If I lived there than a girl. I would like be a boy because I would be able to protect my self if and damage came my way. I would be able to stand up for my family and be able to say weather or not I would like someone doing that or not. I would also be able to stand up and say what is mightily and what is wrong. I would be able to go and stand up for what is right and not have to live in little houses. on that point are some advandtaves to being a girl where they lived. Some of those advantaves would be the house cook. There are some more advantages like come outting there GED and going to college. So they can get a good job and soport there family. They would get to gether so they can rebeald the place they lived in. So the kids there would have much beter homes that they had growing up. She would also buy the kids there a bank account so they can get started to saveing some money to go to college like she did.

Does age matters in relationship? Essay

Age is a Matter of Mind if you dont Mind, it doesnt Matter. but the The Bible abides not to be unequally yoked (weird way to put it some(prenominal)way)It is entirely your choice whether you decide to date someone considerably older or jr. than yourself. To some term isnt a significant portion in dating, while others have a strong opinion and will alone date people the same age or within a few years of their age. It is a personal choice. There are no rules to say you shouldnt date someone much older or younger than yourself, but be prepared for possible judgment from others if on that point is a capacious age gap.Of course, even if the age difference is there, you have to look at what you both enjoy. Do you have common interests and desires? If so, then an age difference of any size can potentially be overcome. Theres certainly no sense in throwing away a chance at comfort just because of a number. Its just a good thing to be aware of, in case some difference should arise . But if two people are committed to making something work, it can, in spite of any obstacles that might come up. Both of you need to be sure that Both are in Agreement and on the same Page?But when there is a large age gap, this is when a relationship can face difficulties. With an age gap there is always going to be lifestyle differences. A younger person may enjoy nights out with their younger friends and have no interest in starting a serious relationship, whereas, their older partner might be at an age where they want to settle bolt down and shed quiet time alone with them.However, if one person involved lies about what they want from the relationship then this can cause big problems further down the line. If you want a serious relationship, but the person you are dating only wants a casual one, then you need to think long and difficult about whether they are worth sacrificing your dreams for.There are in fact many upsides to age differences in relationships that can have a n extremely positive impact. The younger partner has the potential toextract energy and spark from the older partner. Equally as beneficial, an older lover can provide emotional stability and offer guidance with life choices. However social situations with family and friends can be challenging.Despite these potential problem areas, many relationships with an age gap are highly successful. The expose is honesty and communication. Being open and truthful from the start about what you are looking for in a relationship, and even life, is the best way to ensure you are able to achieve this. If both partners are in agreement, then there is no issue. Like with any relationship, if you are happy, have a strong stay put and are committed to making it work, then together you can cope with any complication life throws in your direction.Levels of Maturity Immature individuals tend to be funnier and more exciting to be around, but when it comes to the important things sometimes you can be le ft disappointed. Sometimes, different levels of maturity can be the deciding factor between your relationship making it or breaking under the pressure.Warning If hes still single/divorced after all these years, there must be a reason? Yes, he may not have found the right one yet, but seriously why is he still single/divorced? Commitment-phobic? Emotionally stunted? Self Centered?You might want to check out his collection of baggage before you locomote any further on this journey with him. Good Luck

A Family Centered Preschool Essay

Several multitude may ask the question, What makes the difference in a family bear on preschool? This paper will patron outline the importance of a family c get toed program versus a preschool that focuses only on the baby bird. The go overing of the children in family centered preschools are enhanced due to the focus points not only being on the child, but the family too. Educators back tooth silk hat help children achieve effectively by meeting the nine essential elements(Morrison, 2009). One of those nine elements is to develop a partnership with parents, families, and friends of each child.The focus of this paper is Abraham Maslows whole child concept(Maslow, 1954) and aid families conciliate issues. This program style helps each child to learn and develop in a more consistent environment and maintaining the goals each family has expressed for their child. Family touch Preschool As children prepare to enter preschool there are several areas required for educators to ef fectively address for the child and family to feel comfortable in this new display case of environment. A family centered preschools goal is to focus on child and family not just the child. The first step in this process is to focus on any auxiliary issues.Attachment is normal for each child to go through. What makes attachment something important for educators to focus on? Well, it is a lasting emotional kindred that is part of child maturation and it begins in infancy. This process will continue throughout the childs lifespan. It is important for early childhood educators and families to work in concert to recognize and agree on proper goals for the child so that each child attains proper development in this area. When preschool educators focus on providing healthy attachment development this will help each child transition more easily into school.One main goal of educators at this point is not to formulation down on the families of these children because this will hinder the ability to effectively support the openhandeds in the childs life. An educator must remain free of judgements and enter each relationship with an opened mind. The educators acts as an extended part of the childs family remembering that it is not a competition game for the childs affection. When attachment issues are recognized, very important to sit down with the family and correctly identify issues together.The next step would be to use problem solving techniques to resolve these issues. This could mean a few easy steps such as letting the child watching the parent leave when dropping the child take away for preschool or providing the family with community resources such as classes educating the family on appropriately dealing with attachment issues. Setting the family up with an attachment expert would only need to be d unrivalled if some of these things do not work. For example a family has adopted the child and the child is not connecting with them.An educator could suggest some of the following retentiveness the baby more often, holding the bottle verses letting the child hold the bottle if still in bottle feeding stages, bathing with the baby (the fell to skin contact generates closeness), playing face to face games with baby (eye contact is important), and cuddling with the child. These are just a few suggestions that could be provided. Keeping provide well educated in this area and having a readily usable list of outside resources will help ensure the appropriate development of the children in the preschool.Once the attachment issues are resolved the child can move into the next stage of readiness for school which is self-help skills. Self-help skills become an important part of a childs readiness for school. Educators of kindergarten expect each child to have already developed the skills to accomplish small tasks on their own. The job of the educators of a preschool is to help the child do things for themselves. Knowing how to appropriately tea ch the skills is very important. How adults respond to this is and to the exploring behavior will determine to some extent the childs adult behavior(Gonzalez-Mena, 2009).Feeding themselves is one of the beginning lessons of preschool educators. Some families, based on culture, may find this a difficult task. Helping the family to recognize this is an important part of child development and work through the issues together will help to attain the goal of self feeding. Once the baby becomes mobile even bigger issues can arise. The main goal of this stage is to help the families set up a safe place for baby to look for in, after all this is what this stage of development is all about.When children are restricted to extremes, they loose their curiosity, their willingness to take risks, and their drive to be independent of others and do things for themselves(Gonzales-Mena, 2009). Toilet training falls within this category as well. Remembering to honor the values of each family will hel p to have a more successful result of developing self-help skills. After effectively work through self-help skill development, the next category will be to work on empowerment. Empowerment has a lot to do with issues of power and control.Educators can do a lot to facilitate empowerment and the controls that need to go with it to keep all children safe and secure. The immediate reaction of most adults in power contest situations is to give lessons on sharing. This is not the appropriate approach. The educator must acknowledge and reflect feelings of both parties rather than to discuss sharing and pallor. To discuss sharing and fairness is null because these lessons have not yet been learned. The situation needs to become the learning guide for all children involved.Rather than create anger and grudges by removing something from one child and giving to the other, feelings on both parties should be acknowledged and then talked through. Explaining what took place and an appropriate r eaction to correct the issue provides the child with options to do the mature thing verses forcing the child to do the right thing. Other effective tools in dealing with empowerment are giving choices, setting limits, providing the ability for the child to play, and hike up self-help skills. Helping families to understand this simple guide will help alleviate issues at preschool.Families also need to understand providing a safe environment for children to explore in helps counter react power struggles. Allowing children to play outside of preschool with other children will help them achieve good healthy play habits for preschool. This may be the only interaction with other children that a single-child family has to mingle with other children. A suggestion to these families might be to create play groups. The educator could provide the families with tools in creating a schedule for play groups and meeting places.If they are not interested in using families of the preschool provide them with community play groups. Child avenue (http//www. childavenue. com/pages/playgroups_pages/playgroups_national. html) provides such resources to families and it is a nationwide data based tool. After leveling out empowerment issues, prosocial skills are next in line. Prosocial skills involve the skills for each child to learn what is important in life, right from wrong, and anything involving morals or values. This is a very controversial issue within any school whether it is preschool or high school.The best way to promote prosocial skill development is to do the following model them yourself, explain why you are setting limits, encourage cooperation by finding ship canal to get children to work and play together, take a problem solving approach when dealing with conflicts, rather than a power stance, avoid punishment as a way of disciplining, do not be overpowering remember to empower instead, avoid using competition to motivate, help children to appreciate the world and pe ople they share it with, give choices, teach children to solve conflicts without violence, and teach children to be peace makers (Gonzalez-Mena, 2009).If families also model these ways to promote prosocial skills the developmental process will be more beneficial. This may involve working closely with families to help them identify strengths and weakness to work on. Providing them with goals and guideline checklist as well as modeling the behaviors when working with the families. This can be a lengthy drawn out process but the results will be worth it all. While working on a successful completion of developing good prosocial skills, it may be necessary to work on self-esteem.Self-esteem is very important to the success of every face of life. If an individual perceives themselves in a negative way their accomplishments tend to be very limited. The ability to open the doors of the future depends on the appropriate development of a positive self-esteem. This does not mean an individual has to like everything about themselves, but rather accept themselves the way they are and make changes to the things they do not like. The two-eyed violet prayer is one passage that comes to mind when talking about self-esteem.

IB Price Floors Commentary Essay

Price floors are instruments that are used by the government to raise the token(prenominal) scathe at which the goods can be sold at, hence increasing the quality of life of the people that are producing the good.Rice from Thailand was being sold at 13,00 thousand baht, however the price floor that the government has introduced has pushed the lowest price for rice up to 15,000 baht which is significantly higher than the previous price. This will get to the supply curve to shift to the right as shown in diagram 1 below.The effect of the price floor is shown in diagram 2 below. earlier the government decided to add the price floor, the market equilibrium was at quantity Qe at the price Pe. The government decides to impose a minimum price of Pmin. This is done to increase the revenue of the farmers of rice, however this creates a new problem. At the new price of Pmin, only Q1 will be demanded, however Q2 will be supplied. If the government decides that it is not going to intervene an y further, the quantity that is consumed will actually be reduced from Qe to Q1.The excess supply that is generated will create problems. As the farmer whave an excess supply from Q1 to Q2. They will try to get rid of the stock, even if it means that they have to sell it at a price that is debase than the market price that is set by the government. To resolve this issue, the government needs to intervene and buy all the stock that cannot be sold. This will reduce the come up of surplus that exists in the market.Rice is a staple good in Hong Kong many families depend on rice to make up a mass of their diet.

Pretax accounting income Essay

On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a twist for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial narration reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying time value of the create was $30 million and its tax land was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the create was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. at that place were no other temporary differences and no unchanging differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million.Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no persistent differen ces. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million.Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no permanent differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million.There were no other temporary differences and no permanent differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31,

Starbucks Marketing mix

Below is a table for you to apply the elements of marketing mix (7Ps) to your selected business organisation. Starbucks Product and religious service -Starbucks stores offer a choice of regular or decaffeinated hot chocolate beverages, a special coffee of the day, and a broad selection of Italian-style espresso drinks. In addition, customers could choose from a wide selection of fresh-roasted whole-bean coffees.When you walk into the Starbucks, you notice they atomic number 18 promoting specialty rinks or products within the store. For example they promote their naked coffee by giving needy samples to their customers and that maximise the publicity of the product and generate revenue for the business. Packaging Creative and innovative promotional material is what Starbucks does so that they can be seen and get noticed in the crowded market of coffee. For Example they redesign the encase of their coffee to recreate the shopping experience and quickly identify the coffee by roas t.The new packaging of their coffee gets the attention of new ustomers because customers can choose what kind of coffee you want Just by looking at the package ( variant colour, message). Price -Price and pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organisation/business. In July 2013 Starbucks decided to raise the price of their beverage by 1%, they claim that the price increase is due to rising labour and non-coffee commodity costs.Starbucks raise prices to maximise profits from these price insensitive customers who now depend n their strong gourmet coffee. Rather than difficult to compete with cheaper chains like Dunkin, Starbucks uses price hikes to separate itself from the pack and reinforce the premium image of their blade and products. Place -Starbucks takes a thoughtful and strategic approach when choosing their store locations, c befully considering many factors including community demand. W e argon always looking for great locations to both better meet the needs of our current customers and to r separately new ones.They did research on different areas before utting a store there, based on things like demand, barter and parking, they may conclude multiple stores will serve customers better. People The baristas (employees) are the foundation of Starbucks. When it comes to providing Starbucks customers an exceptional experience, our baristas are as important as the quality of the coffee that we serve. http//www. starbucks. com/ Baristas really are the face of Starbucks. They are an important part of their customers day, and experts in handcrafting delicious, perfect beverages.Connecting nd creating the moments that make a difference in each persons day. Processes Starbucks uses coffee from different origin. I will choose one of them and describe the process from the supplier to the customer. obdurate to take a look at the Ethiopian coffee, as his name says it came from Ethiopia, it is a medium-bodied coffee who offers soft, velvety notes of dark chocolate, subtle hints of peppery spice, and sweet, mandarin-like citrus for a balanced and approachable taste in the cup.From Ethiopia to the Starbucks shaper where the coffee is roasted packages and directly end to their stores where the coffee is available for customers. Physical evidence Starbucks provides information on its products, business partnerships, and career opportunities on its website. The famous Starbucks Logo (which is green and features a partially nude siren) has stayed generally unchanged since its origin, However it has been altered to adjust to international sensibilities. Starbucks uses white cups with their green logo on it, it comes with different sizes.It was specially design to resist heat, mainly because they serve hot beverage. It also comes with a lids. Branding The Starbucks pock has amazingly been able to create a reputation for itself as a very hip and mainstream cof fee hub. People of all ages, including adults and young teens, are flocking to this coffee franchise to enjoy all the different caffeinated and narrow drinks it has to offer. Over the years, the Starbucks brand has cleverly re- branded its products and coffee cups in order to cater for a more than modern generation and the company has benefit from it as a result.

Frederick Douglass How I Learned to Read and Write Essay

During the 1800s, the institution of buckle downry was cool off ongoing in the few slave states left in America. Slavery was still proving to be raw and unfair, not allowing for African Americans to be considered equals. However, some slaves were able to outdo the many restrictions and boundaries that slavery forced upon them. In Frederick Douglass essay Learning to Read and Write, Douglass portrays himself as an intelligent and dignified slave whos able to overcome the racial boundaries located upon him.Frederick Douglass saw that his only pathway to freedom was through literacy, so his goal was to call for how to read and write no matter the band. Douglass realized becoming a literate slave was considered as having too much power beca aim it made him aware of unjust circumstances of slavery. For a slave to turn over literate wasnt tolerated. If a slaves k newfound how to read and write, it would make them unfit for being slaves. At the age of twelve, Frederick Douglass mani pulates his circumstances caused by slavery and uses various stratagems to learn how to read and write.Eager to learn, Douglass manipulated his circumstances under slavery to induce literate. At first, Master Hughs wife had started tutoring Douglass, teaching him the alphabet. These lessons continued until she was further instructed by her husband not to do so. He believed that if slaves could read and write they would no longer obey him without question or thought. collect to this belief, tutoring ended abruptly. Masters Hughs wife carried out her husbands manipulates, but she also move to prevent Douglass from becoming educated by anyone else either.However, Douglass was able to obtain newsprints and or various books to further his education. The woman of the street and her husband demonstrated with their actions and beliefs during this time, that slavery and education were incompatible. However, Douglass had already taken the first step in his importunate pursuit to litera cy. Douglass quest for literacy led him to use various stratagems in nightspot to learn how to read. Douglass had already gained command of the alphabet, so he devised a plan to become friends with poor white children whom he met on errands and to use them as teachers.He paid for his reading lessons with pieces of bread. By meeting at various times and places, he had finally succeeded in learning to read. With the little money he had earned doing errands, he bought a likeness of The Columbian Orator (The common text for schools in New England at the time). Douglass was particularly interested in a dialogue in The Columbian Orator, one pertaining to a slave being emancipated later on trying to escape for the third time. The dialogue consisted of a conversation between the master and the slave.The slave had proven he was intelligent with the smart and impressive replies to the master in the dialogue, thus leading to the emancipation of the slave on behalf of the master. Douglass le arned the morality of the power of truth over conscience in the dialogue, which made him envious. The more(prenominal) Frederick Douglass learned, the more slavery became a burden. Douglass had become more aware of the unjustness of slavery and the affectionate forces placed upon his people because of it. K straightawayingly, Douglass was determined to overcome these social forces and become a freed slave.Becoming more aware of his bunk in society, Douglass felt wretched by his condition and sought to learn to write in order to better it. After he realized the strongholds and stipulations held upon him, Douglass sought to hear anything he can about slavery. Douglass became transfixed with the word abolition, and not knowing what it meant bothered him. Douglass, eager to find the meaning of the word, picked up a newspaper containing an account of petitions for the abolition of slavery and slave trade. It was not long before Frederick realized what the word now meant.Young Douglas s was enlightened with new ideas that both tormented and inspired him. He soon began to detest slavery, and he knew that writing was the final step to fulfill his plight to become literate. So Douglass traveled to Mr. Waters Wharf where he met two Irishmen who felt sorry for him being a slave and advised him to bear away. However, Douglass believed that if he learned to write he could possible write his own ticket out of slavery. With this new found idea, he traveled to Durgin and Baileys ship-yard where he learned to write by using abbreviations. antithetic abbreviations stood for various areas on the ship where the timber was to be placed. He soon learned the names of the decrease letters and challenged the boys who had taught him to read, in writing contests. This method, along with his rigorous copying of words from various copy-books and Websters recite Book, allowed Douglass to finally become a literate black male in America. Frederick Douglass was able to overcome the soci al boundaries and conflicts that slavery forced upon him in his quest for literacy.Although his journey was hard and against all odds, Douglass knew that his only escape from the shockable world of slavery was to be able to become educated. With his literacy came power and his ability to write his own ticket. Frederick Douglass ingestion for a becoming an equal citizen in America was astounding. He overcame the stipulations and restrictions that slavery forced upon him. When he wanted to give up all hope, his search for freedom and wellbeing was his motivation.

Explain Why Overseas Study at Australian Universities Is Popular

Different countries gravel diametric education system. Some students open dogged to take their studies on board to mainly achieve better with a disparate education system. These students go on board to purse their academic learning by either at a installation level or at a postgraduate level. With the dandy education system, the multicultural society and the range of c atomic number 18er opportunities Australia has to offer, students of different nationality, race and culture flock to Australia hoping to achieve better academically.Australia offers a unique education system that some countries do not have. Many students have actually found that the Australia has a lot to offer. Teachers with great veneration in teaching and helping students in every aspect of school work including life. This would be a great for student who is living aboard alone as they would have someone to turn to for mad and academic support. With such a huge number of students entering Australias unive rsity each year, it is for certain that the university would have an advance modern technology.This would not only assist teachers when atomic number 18 giving a lecture or a tutorial enlighten, it help the students in understanding lessons and giving them the ability in presenting a secure presentations with the equipment provided to them. With such an uncommon education system, the teachers too are dedicated in providing the students an interesting learning purlieu to put forward learning easier. For example, a common literature sept would transform into a drama class to let the students feel closer to the book and the characters.Students become more involved in class and lock more from the lessons. Australia had a wide diversity of races. By living an Australian lifestyle, students are bound to check over the multicultural society Australia has to offer to them. With a wide range of races in Australia, students would be able to top new friends from different countries. S tudents would also encounter class mates of different cultural background. This would be a great way to learn and understand a different culture for the students.Since some restaurants are strike out up to cater to foreign students, it would a great chance to try different cuisines not found in their home country. By understanding different cultures, the students would know what to expect when they enter the working life. They would be able to communicate better with different people and if they have to bring clients to dinner, they would know what kind of intellectual nourishment to look out for. Students would also learn to be sensitive to peoples feelings as in some cultures, some words are an insult to them.After graduating from university, graduates would start worrying whether they would be able to be employed. However, graduating from a prestigious university with full(a) results may help graduates to get employed easier. Usaully universities become prestigious when they a re able to produce graduates who are able to make a name for themselves, or it may be known for its good teaching techniques. Businesses, looking for a worker, would have a good impression of the applicator applying for the job just by looking at his application.This would give a good impression to the stamp and just base on the resume, the graduate may get the job. Undergraduates would try to get into one of these large schools hoping that they would be able to get a job easily. Most of these universities are in Australia, this making oversea study in Australia popular. In summary, an unique education system that makes class interesting, a multi-cultural society for students to date new things and prestigious university are the reasons that attracts students to study abroad in Australia.Explain Why Overseas psychoanalyse at Australian Universities Is PopularDifferent countries have different education system. Some students have clear-cut to take their studies aboard to mainly achieve better with a different education system. These students go aboard to purse their academic learning by either at a foundation level or at a postgraduate level. With the outstanding education system, the multicultural society and the range of career opportunities Australia has to offer, students of different nationality, race and culture flock to Australia hoping to achieve better academically.Australia offers a unique education system that or so countries do not have. Many students have actually found that the Australia has a lot to offer. Teachers with great faithfulness in teaching and helping students in every aspect of school work including life. This would be a great for student who is living aboard alone as they would have someone to turn to for aflame and academic support. With such a huge number of students entering Australias university each year, it is for certain that the university would have an advance modern technology.This would not only assist teachers whe n are giving a lecture or a tutorial class, it help the students in understanding lessons and giving them the ability in presenting a good presentations with the equipment provided to them. With such an uncommon education system, the teachers too are dedicated in providing the students an interesting learning surround to make learning easier. For example, a common literature class would transform into a drama class to let the students feel closer to the book and the characters.Students become more involved in class and suckle more from the lessons. Australia had a wide diversity of races. By living an Australian lifestyle, students are bound to go for the multicultural society Australia has to offer to them. With a wide range of races in Australia, students would be able to make new friends from different countries. Students would also encounter class mates of different cultural background. This would be a great way to learn and understand a different culture for the students.Sinc e some restaurants are range up to cater to foreign students, it would a great chance to try different cuisines not found in their home country. By understanding different cultures, the students would know what to expect when they enter the working life. They would be able to communicate better with different people and if they have to bring clients to dinner, they would know what kind of feed to look out for. Students would also learn to be sensitive to peoples feelings as in some cultures, some words are an insult to them.After graduating from university, graduates would start worrying whether they would be able to be employed. However, graduating from a prestigious university with good results may help graduates to get employed easier. Usaully universities become prestigious when they are able to produce graduates who are able to make a name for themselves, or it may be known for its good teaching techniques. Businesses, looking for a worker, would have a good impression of the applicant applying for the job just by looking at his application.This would give a good impression to the boss and just base on the resume, the graduate may get the job. Undergraduates would try to get into one of these outstanding schools hoping that they would be able to get a job easily. Most of these universities are in Australia, this making abroad study in Australia popular. In summary, an unique education system that makes class interesting, a multi-cultural society for students to bring new things and prestigious university are the reasons that attracts students to study abroad in Australia.

Abducted by a UFO: prevalence information affects young children’s false memories for an implausible event Essay

SUMMARYThis vignette examined whether preponderance information promotes pincerrens trumped-up(prenominal) memories for an farfetched impression. Forty-four 78 and forty- cardinal 1112 course old children heard a admittedly narrative virtually their rst school solar twenty-four hour periodlight and a dour narrative most either an improbable result (abducted by a flying saucer) or a plausible event ( roughly choking on a glaze over). Moreover, half of the children in each go over received preponderance information in the form of a wrong paper article date listening to the narratives. Across two interviews, children were asked to writing everything they remembered about the events. In both age bases, plausible and implausible events were equ onlyy samely to give rise to paradoxical memories. Pre valency information increased the number of glowering memories in 78 social class olds, but non in 1112 year olds at discourse 1. Our ndings demonstrate that young c hildren can easily contrive delusive memories of a super implausible event. Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Both recent studies (e.g. Pezdek & Hodge, 1999 rum, Sutherland, & Garry, 2006) and legal cases pay demonstrated that children can develop memories of events that never happened, so-called paradoxical memories (Loftus, 2004). A well- jockeyn legal case is the McMartin Preschool trial in which some(prenominal)teachers were acc utilise of ritually abusing hundreds of children crosswise a 10-year period (Garven, Wood, & Malpass, 2000 Garven, Wood, Malpass, & Shaw, 1998 Schreiber et al., 2006). Some of the children recalled extremely bizarre, implausible events such as ying in helicopters to an isolated farm and watching horses being beaten with baseball bats.The charges against the teachers, however, were eventually dropped videotapes of the investigative interviews channelized that the children were suggestively interrogated and many an a nonher(prenominal)(prenom inal) experts concluded that the childrens memories were almost surely bastard. Controversial cases like the McMartin trial do inspired researchers to examine how children develop chimerical memories of implausible experiences (Pezdek & Hodge, 1999 Strange et al., 2006), yet the precise antece defects of implausible false memories atomic number 18 understood ill-understood. The question we ask here is whether preponderance informationthat is, details about the frequency of a false eventis a potential determinant of childrens implausible false memories. *Correspondence to Henry Otgaar, cogency of Psychology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. E-mail henry.otgaarpsychology.unimaas.nlCopyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.H. Otgaar et al.What do we know about the role of preponderance information in the breeding of false memories? Mazzoni, Loftus, and Kirsch (2001) describe a three-step process that explains how false memories are formed. harmonise to this model, three conditions must be satised to create false memories. First, an event has to be considered plausible. Second, the event has to be evaluated as something that genuinely happened. Finally, images and thoughts about the event flip to be mistaken as remembrance details. Consider, now, entirely the rst stage of Mazzoni et al.s model (event plausibleness) and how prevalence information might affect perceived plausibility. Recent experiments have shown that prevalence information enhances the perceived plausibility of implausible events (Hart & Schooler, 2006 Mazzoni et al., 2001 Pezdek,Blandon-Gitlin, Hart, & Schooler, 2006 Scoboria, Mazzoni, Kirsch, & Jimenez, 2006). Mazzoni et al. (2001) asked undergraduates to realise false report articles describing demonic possession. The articles implied, among other things (i.e. a de ledgerion of what happens in a typical possession experience), that possessions were more common than people antecedently thought a nd after reading the articles participants were more likely to believe they had witnessed a demonic possession in the past. Other studies investigating the role of prevalence information in eliciting false beliefs have produced connatural great final results (Hart & Schooler, 2006 Mazzoni et al., 2001 Pezdek et al., 2006 Scoboria et al., 2006).What we do non know, however, is whether prevalence information inuences the development of false memories (stage 3 of Mazzoni et al.s model) and not just false beliefs per se. This is an important issue in the false storehouse literature because several(prenominal) authors have argued that memories and beliefs, although related, are denitely not the same (Scoboria, Mazzoni, Kirsch, & Relyea, 2004 Smeets, Merckelbach, Horselenberg, & Jelicic, 2005). Moreover, the effect of prevalence information has only ever been well-tried on adults beliefs. To date, no playing area has examined whether prevalence information affects the generation of childrens false memories.What do we know about event plausibility in the development of childrens false memories? In short, research has produced kindle but varied results. Early studies showed that children were more likely to create false memories of plausible than implausible events (Pezdek & Hodge, 1999 Pezdek, Finger, & Hodge, 1997), and researchers suggested that it may be dif frenzy to implant false memories of an implausible event (i.e. receiving a rectal enema). In contrast, adept recent study shows that children will wrong recall both plausible and implausible events to a similar extent (Strange et al., 2006).Three different explanations might account for these mixed ndings. First, Strange et al. presented children with a doctored photograph of the false event whereas Pezdek and colleagues used false de mittions. Doctored photographs might be considered an extreme form of evidence -one that is very difcult for children to refute. It is probable, then, that the doctore d photographs skewed the childrens plausibility judgments which in turn caused them to develop false memories for the plausible and implausible event at a similar rate.Second, Strange et al. compared false events that were either plausible or implausible whereas Pezdek and colleagues (1997, 1999) contrasted false events that differed in terms of script fellowship (i.e. description of what typically occurs in an event). Specically, they compared a high script knowledge event (i.e. lost in a shopping mall) with a low script knowledge event (i.e. receiving a rectal enema). However, the exact relation between script knowledge and plausibility is not clear (Scoboria et al., 2004).Third, the two false events used in Strange et al.s and Pezdek et al.s studies differed with respect to valence. Strange et al.s events were positive (i.e. taking a hot air balloon ride and drinking a cup of tea with Prince Charles), whereas Pezdek and colleagues implanted false negative events in Copyright 20 08 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. childrens remembering (i.e. lost in a shopping mall and receiving a rectal enema). Studies have shown that valence affects the development of childrens false memories (Ceci, Loftus, Leichtman, & Bruck, 1994 Howe, 2007). Since plausibility, valence and script knowledge carry outm to play a role in the development of false memories, the false events used in the current study were matched on these factors.To examine whether prevalence information can lead children to develop full-blown false memories of plausible and implausible events, and to examine developmental differences in the development of false memories, we adapted the false narrative procedure (e.g. Garry & Wade, 2005 Loftus & Pickrell, 1995 Pezdek & Hodge, 1999 Pezdek et al., 1997), and exposed some 78 year old children and some 1112 year old children to one real description and one false description of past experiences.Previous studies have shown that these age groups differ developmentally wi th respect to suggestibility and false memory formation (e.g. Ceci, Ross, & Toglia, 1987). The true description describe the childs rst day at school. The false description was either plausible and described almost choking on a candy, or implausible and described being abducted by a unidentified flying object. Half of the children in each group also received prevalence information in the form of a newspaper article. The article suggested that the objective lens false event was much more common than the children probably thought.Our predictions were straightforward found on the prevalence literature with adults, we predicted that children who heard false prevalence information would be more likely to report false memories than children without false prevalence information. With respect to the role of event plausibility, two predictions can be formulated. Based on studies by Pezdek and colleagues (1997, 1999), we would predict that regardless of prevalence information, plausible ev ents would elicit more false memories than implausible events. However, based on a recent study by Strange et al. (2006), we would expect that plausible and implausible events are equally likely to elicit false memories. Finally, because younger children are more suggestible than older children (for an overview analyse Bruck & Ceci, 1999), we expected that younger children would be more likely to develop false memories than older children.METHODParticipantsThe study involved 91 primary school children (48 girls) from two different age groups (n 44, 78 year olds, M 7.68 years, SD 0.52 n 47, 1112 year olds, M 11.64 years, SD 0.53). Children participated after parents and teachers had given informed consent. any children received a small gift in return for their participation. The study was approved by the standing(a) ethical committee of the Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University.MaterialsTrue narrativesTrue narratives described childrens rst day at school. This event wa s chosen because it was a unique event that had happened to all children at age 4. Childrens parents were contacted by squall to obtain the following individualised details about each childs rst school day the family members or friends who escorted the child to school, and the teachers and schools name. These details were incorporated in the true narratives. Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.An example of a true narrative wasYour serve told me that when you were 4 years old, you went for the rst condemnation to the elementary school. The name of the elementary school was Springer and it was located in Maastricht. The name of your teacher was Tom. Your buzz off took you to school.False narrativesFalse events were selected from a pilot study. In that study, 49 children (M 8.02 years, SD 1.20, range 6101) rated the plausibility and valence of 29 events on child-friendly 7-point Smiley scales (anchors implausible/negative, plausible/positive) with bigger smiley faces refe rring to more plausible/more positive events. Specically, children had to indicate how likely the events were to happen to them (e.g. How likely is it that you almost choke on a candy? i.e. personal plausibility Scoboria et al., 2004) and how pleasant the events were for them (e.g., How pleasant is it that you almost choke on a candy?).To ensure that they understood the events, all children rated two practice items. Furthermore, 19 children (M 8.74 years, SD 1.05, range 710) were instructed to report everything they knew about each event and the enumerate number of idea units served as our measure of childrens script-knowledge about the events (Scoboria et al., 2004). Based on their ratings, we selected two events, almost clotted on a candy and abducted by a UFO.These events were equal in terms of valence (Mchoking 1.65, SDchoking 1.48, MUFO 1.94, SDUFO 1.98, t(47) 1, n.s.) and script knowledge (Mchoking 1.11, SDchoking 0.99, MUFO 0.74, SDUFO 1.05, t(18) 1.20, n.s.), bu t differed in terms of plausibility with mean plausibility ratings being high for the choking event (M 5.86, SD 2.02) than for the UFO event (M 1.63, SD 1.75, t(47) 10.07, p .001). Age did not correlate with plausibility, valence and script knowledge for the two events ( ps .05). Childrens parents conrmed that their child had never experienced the false events. The false narratives wereAlmost choked on a candy Your mother told me that you were at a birthday society when you were 4 years old. At this party you received a bag of candies. When you were at home again, you were allowed to have one candy. Your mother saw that you turned blue and she panicked. Then she hit you on the back and the candy came out. Abducted by a UFO Your mother told me that when you were 4 years old, you were abducted by a UFO. This happened when you were alone outside. You mother was inside the house. Then she suddenly saw through the window that a UFO took you. False newspaper articlesFor the true and false events a newspaper article was fabricated describing that the event took place quite oft durations when participants were age 4. These false newspaper articles were similar in appearance to a local newspaper. Moreover, to personalize the newspaper articles, we included the childrens hometown in the articles. The newspaper articles were 1Because the age range of our pilot sample did not completely overlap with the age groups of our study, we conducted a 2 (pilot group younger vs. older children) 2 (event UFO vs. choking) ANOVA with the latter factor being a within subject factor to examine the effect of age on plausibility judgments. No signicant fundamental interaction emerged ( p .05) indicating that age did not have an impact on the plausibility ratings of our two events. Therefore, the plausibility ratings of our pilot sample can be extend to the older group of our study were randomly assigned to the plausible or implausible event and to the prevalence or no prevalen ce information condition. Each child was interviewed individually twice over seven days.All interviews were audio taped and transcribed. During the interviews, one true narrative and one false narrative were read aloud, with the latter always being presented in the second position. The procedure of the interviews was similar to that used by Wade, Garry, Read, and Lindsay (2002). At the start of wonder 1, children were told that we were interested in their memories for events that had happened when they were 4 years old. Children were instructed to report everything they remembered about the events.In the prevalence information condition, they were told that to help them remember the events they would be volunteerd with a newspaper article. Subsequently, the interviewer read out the article to the child. Children who did not describe details of the target event were told that many people cant recall certain events because they havent thought about them for such a long time. Please concentrate and effort again. If they still did not recall any details, the interviewer made use of context reinstatement and guided imagery.The usage of these retrieval techniques was to take the children mentally back to the scene of the event. Specically, children were told to close their eyes and they were asked to think about their feelings, who was with them, and about the time of the year. After this, children were asked again to recall any details about the event. If they still did not come up with details, the next narrative was presented or the interview was stopped. At the end of Interview 1, children were asked to think about the events every day until the next interview and they were instructed not to talk with others about the events. Parents were asked not to discuss these events with their children. Interview 2 was similar to Interview 1. At the end of Interview 2, they were debriefed using ethical guidelines for false memory research with children (Goodman, Quas, & Redlich, 1998).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAn extensive number of children were extremely surprised during the debrieng when they were told that the false event did not happen to them. For example, one 8-year old child responded It really did happen where another one said I really can remember seeing the UFO. After the debrieng, 39% (n 13) of the children remained absolutely condent that they experienced the false events. We debriefed these children until they understood the events were false. Together, these ndings suggest that the false memories in this study were not the result of children falsely assenting or trying to please the interviewer. True eventsTrue memories were categorize as either remembered or not remembered. To be categorized as remembered, children had to report at least two of the three personal details correctly. Childrens true recall was near ceiling. They remembered 88 (97%) events at Interview 1 and 89 (98%) events during Interview 2, x2(1) .07, n.s. False eve ntsFor the false events, two independent judges classied each memory report as no false memory, images but not memories or false memory according to criteria used by Lindsay, Hagen, Read, Wade, and Garry (2004). If a child attempted to recall the false event, but did Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 23 115125 (2009)DOI 10.1002/acpPrevalence information, plausibility, and childrens false memories not have any memory of the event or did not report any details that were beyond the false description, the report was categorized as no false memory. A report was judged as an image when children speculated about details and described images related to the false events. For example, one child reported I think I almost choked on a candy on the birthday of Mauk. I am not sure. It was not a pleasant feeling. To be classied as a false memory, children had to indicate that they remembered the event and provide details beyond those mentioned in the narrative, but relat ed to the narrative.To give an example of a detail, one child express that he remembered being taken to the UFO through a blue beam of light. If children stated that they thought the event and/or certain details could have happened, then this was not scored as a false memory. Furthermore, to minimize the effect of demand characteristics, direct responses to interviewer prompts were not classied as a false memory. The following dialogue from Interview 2 illustrates a childs false memory of the UFO abduction.Child I saw cameras and ashes and some people in the UFO. InterviewerHow many people did you see?Child Approximately nine or ten.Interviewer What kind of people?Child People like me, children.Interviewer What else did you see?Child I saw some people and also some blue/ gullible puppets were passing. Inter-rater agreement for classication of the memory reports was high k 0.92 for Interview 1 and k 0.94 for Interview 2.Collapsing across the conditions, at Interview 1, 33% (n 30) of the children developed a false memory. Thirty per cent (n 9) of these children assented to the false events immediately, that is foregoing to guided imagery and context reinstatement. Thirty-six per cent of the children (n 33), with 67% (n 20) immediately assenting, remembered the false events at Interview 2, x2(1) 26.61, p .001, Cramers V 0.54. Some of the children who rejected the false events at Interview 2 indicated, disdain the explicit instruction at Interview 1, that they had discussed the false events with their parents. The increase in false memories over time is in line with previous studies with adults and children (e.g.Lindsay et al., 2004 Strange et al., 2006 Wade et al., 2002). Furthermore, 10% (n 9) of the children were classied as having an image of the false events at Interview 1. At Interview 2, this percentage decreased to 7% (n 6), x2(1) 58.53, p .001, Cramers V 0.80. Recall that the primary question in this study was whether prevalence informati on boosts the likelihood of plausible and implausible false memories. Table 1 shows the percentage and number of children who reported false memories as a be given of interview and condition.To examine the role of age, event type, and prevalence information in the development of false memories, we conducted a logistic regression analysis with the dependent variable being false memory (0 no false memory/images, 1 false memory). In this analysis, we only focused on genuine false memories and did not collapse across false memories and images. Although non-parametric methods, such as logistic regression, often lack the statistical author to detect interactions (Sawilowsky, 1990), there are four important points to note about these data. First, the only signicant interaction found was an Age Prevalence information interactionat Interview 1. Prevalence information raise the development of 78 year old childrens false memories but not 1112 year old childrens false memories, and this e ffect occurred at Interview 1 (B 2.16, SE 0.96, Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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